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;>RINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. 



BULLETIN NO. 2. 



INSECT GALLS 

OF 

SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS, 
AND VICINITY. 

BY 

FANNIE A. STEBBINS, 

Supervisor of Nature Studi 

in tiik Public Schools o» Springfield. 

v\'i in 32 Platks. 



SPRINGI [ELD, .mass 

PUBLISHED i.v rill. Ul SI I M 

1909. 



Stb 7 G 7 



MM 8 1315 






ESTSECT GALLS OF SPKINGFIELD, 
MASSACHUSETTS, AND VICINITY. 



BY 



Fannie A. Stebbins, of Springfield, Mass. 



A gall has been variously defined by different authors, but apparently 
all agree in considering it a deformation or malformation of some part of 
a plant due to injury inflicted. This injury may be chemical or mechan- 
ical, and is brought about by the action of fungus, arachnid, insect, 
character of the soil or fertilizer or cause or causes unknown. The 
present list includes only those galls caused by insects and the closely 
allied mites. 

Altho this list is the result of several seasons' collecting, there are 
undoubtedly many galls which should be found here which have escaped 
observation, and it seems probable that there are many, especially upon 
herbaceous plants, which have never been collected and described. 

No part of the plant is free from the presence of galls, they being 
found upon stem, branch, bud, leaf, flower, fruit and root. They vary 
in color, size, shape, surface and especially in structure. The simplest 
consist of little more than a folding or wrinkling of a leaf with an unusual 
growth of plant hairs and a slight change of size and shape of the cells. 
At the other extreme may be found such an elaborate structure as the 
common "oak apple." But they agree in this, that there is always 
present a portion from which the maker gets food, known as the nutritive 
section, and another portion which serves as a protection to the maker, 
the protective zone. 

The effect upon the plant has not been definitely studied in most 
cases. In many instances no apparent detriment results owing to the 
comparatively small amount of tissue affected. Some cases are commonly 
observed in which the persistence upon a plant from year to year of a 
large number of galls renders it unsightly ; an illustration of this is the 
gall of CaUirhytis punctata on the black and other oaks. But that the 



4 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

development of a large number of galls upon a plant is injurious to that 
plant is evidenced by the effect of the grape phylloxera, Phylloxera viti- 
foliae, generally known as Phylloxera vastatrix. In the eastern United 
States, where it is native, little injury results, but when it was carried to 
France it multiplied to such extent as to cause very great loss in the vine- 
yards through which it spread. This is an illustration of the the greater 
damage done by a pest in a new habitat. 

Some galls are so noticeable that they have attracted attention from 
earliest times, but it was not until 1686 that any systematic work was 
published upon the subject, when Malpighi issued "De gallis," which gave 
descriptions of those known in Sicily and Italy. 

Among modern P^uropean writers Adler's name is especially note- 
worthy because he established the theory,, advanced by Bassett, of the 
alternation of generations among certain of the Cynipidae. Bassett was 
able to verify his thought in one ease, while Adler worked out a series 
of cases, but found that alternation of generations was not universal 
among Cynipidae, as Bassett had thought probable. 

Howard, in Psyche, 1882, v. 3, p. 329, says: — "America may justly 
claim the credit for the discovery of this most interesting fact of alter- 
nation of generations among cynipids." Continuing, he says of Bassett : 
"With Cynips q. operator he had observed the females of the vernal 
brood ovipositing in acorn cups and producing the gall q. operatola of 
Riley's MS. ; but he failed to rear the flies from these galls and so missed 
the complete proof. In the case of C. q. batatus Bass., he had bred the 
sexual forms from leaf galls, and the agamic females from twig galls ; but 
had not actually observed the females of the former in the act of oviposit- 
ing in the twigs, thus again missing the proof. Riley, however, as he 
tells us in his published note, succeeded in breeding the agamic females of 
q. operator from the acorn galls, thus, in connection with Bassett's obser- 
vation of the oviposition, completely establishing the fact of alternation. 
So the credit should be joint." 

Much was contributed to our knowledge of galls by Osten Sacken, 
Bassett, Fitch, Harris, Shinier, Riley and Walsh among the earlier workers 
in America. 

While several names should be noted among recent workers, Pergande, 
by patient observation of the gall-makers upon the witch hazel, has dis- 
closed the identity of two sets of insects previously supposed to be four 
species, and established the fact of their migration from one host-plant to 
another and back again. And Cook has given us the results of careful 
study of the abnormal development of the plant tissues and their cell- 
changes under the stimulus of the gall maker. 

Galls have been collected in this section which owe their origin to six 
orders : 

Acarina (Family, Eriophyidae). 



Insect Galls. 5 

Hemiptera (Families, Aphididae, Psyllidae). 

Coleoptera (Family, Cerambycidae) . 

Diptera (Families, Agromyzidae, Trypetidae, Cecidomyidae) . 

Lepidoptera, (Families, Tineidae, Elachistidae, Gelechiidae, Tortricidae) 

Hymenoptera, (Families, Tenthredinidae, Cynipidae). 
(For a more complete list of the species under each family mentioned 
above see the list serving as index of the gall-insects near the end of this 
Bulletin.) 

In general the more highly organized insect produces the more complex 
gall. There may be apparent exceptions to this rule, as in the case of the 
bark louse, Adelges abietis, producing a gall at the base of needles of the 
spruce which is very similar to one produced on the needles of the pitch 
pine by a two-winged fly, Diplosis pini-rigidae. 

Order, ACARINA. 
Family, Eriophyidae, Gall-mites. 
These mites are of minute size, and are to be found among the hairs or 
grains with which the concave surface of the gall is lined. There are 
several generations during the summer, the newly hatched mites moving- 
out over the plant and producing new galls. The adults hibernate under 
the scales of buds or in crevices in the bark. A few species are found in 
such numbers on the leaves of cultivated fruit trees or shrubs as to cause 
much damage, the aborted leaves not being able to provide sufficient food 
for the development of the fruit. The galls are usually very simple in 
structure, and always have an opening by which the maker can pass out 

° r in * Order, HEMIPTERA. 

Family, Aphididae, Plant-lice. 
These insects are soft-bodied, with sucking mouth-parts. There are 
winged and wingless forms, the latter reproducing parthenogenetically. 
There are several generations in a season. The galls are usually quite 
simple in structure and contain many insects. There is an opening for 
their egress, altho in a few cases this remains closed until the gall matures 
and dries slightly. 

Family, Psyllidae. 
These are much like the aphids, but have hind legs fitted for jumping. 
The galls are similar in general structure, altho possibly a little more 
complex. 

Order, COLEOPTERA. 
Family, Cerambycidae, Longicorn beetles. 
Most cerambycid larvae are borers in the wood of trees and shrubs, a 
few in herbaceous plants, but the larvae of a few species produce galls. 

Order, DIPTERA. 
Family, Agromyzidae. 
The production of galls b} 7 the larvae of agromyzids is very exceptional ; 
most of these larvae mine in the leaves or stems of plants. 



6 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Family, Trypetidae. 
These flies are most of them nearly as large as a house-fly. There are 
few that produce galls. The galls are comparatively complex. 

Family, Cecidomyidae, Gall-gnats. 
These are small two-winged flies which are seldom noticed. The eggs are 
laid on a surface of the plant. The larvae either feed from the surface, 
making an open gall, or gnaw into the tissues of the plant, making a 
closed gall which opens on maturity at the place where the larva entered, 
altho during the growth no opening may be evident. The larvae can 
generally be identified by the color, yellow, orange, or reddish, and by the 
structure of an organ near the anterior end, which has been designated the 
1 'breast-plate" or "breast-bone." These gall-makers are numerous both 
in species and individuals. Their galls are sometimes quite complex 
in structure. 

Order, LEPIDOPTERA. 
Families, Tineidae, Elachistidae, Gelechiidae, Tortricidae. 
The adults are very small moths. There are very few gall makers 
among them. The eggs are laid on the surface of the plant, the larvae 
enter the tissues and either leave an opening, as in the gall of Ecdytolopha 
insiticiana on the locust, or just before pupation gnaw almost through the 
wall, leaving a place for the emergence of the adult, which, of course, 
having no organs for boring or biting, could not otherwise escape. 

Order, HYMENOPTERA. 
Family, Tenthredinidae, Saw-flies. 
The members of this and the following family are four-winged insects. 
The adult tenthredinid is distinguished by the structure of the ovipositor, 
which consist of several toothed blades, by which the insect cuts or saws 
into the plant tissue, and there deposits the eggs. Whether a gall-maker 
deposits also some irritating liquid which causes the gall is a much dis- 
cussed question. However that may be, it is true that the only cases so 
far directly observed in which a gall is formed before or without the hatch- 
ing of the egg have been in this family, among the Nemaiinae. The larvae 
somewhat resemble caterpillars. Several species make galls on willows. 

Family, Cynipidae, Gall-wasps. 
In the adult the abdomen is usually compressed. The ovipositor is 
long and slender, and can well bury the egg within the plant-tissue, leaving 
no mark. The larvae pupate in the closed gall, and the insects when 
mature cut their way out of it. Alternation of generations is one of the 
most interesting features in the life of these highest of gall-makers. The 
galls are, without exception, complex in structure, with several distinct 
divisions of the walls, and many interesting adaptations for the protection 
of the inmate. 



Insect Galls. 7 

Within galls may sometimes be found parasites or inquilines. The 
former, preying directly upon the gall-maker, causes its death, but not 
until its growth is nearly or quite complete. The inquilines are merely 
guests within the gall, profiting by the food supply and by the protection. 



Aside from the collection of the galls of different localities, and the sub- 
sequent summary of their distribution, two very interesting questions 
suggest themselves for investigation. First, are these malformations the 
result of chemical or of mechanical action? Second, of which of the 
American gall-makers is it true that there is alternation of generations? 
The classification of gall-insects will undoubtedly be somewhat altered 
when this question is answered. Either line suggests a fascinating series 
of observations and experiments for the one undertaking it. 



My thanks are especially due to George Dimmock, Ph. D., for sug- 
gestions in preparing this paper, for use of publications not otherwise 
available and for reading the manuscript. Also assistance has been 
rendered by Mrs. Anna D. Nash in preparing some of the photographs. 



PLANT LIST. 

A list of the plants upon which the galls described in this bulletin 
are found. 

The plant names are in accordance with Britton's Manual of the Flora 
of the Northern Stales and Canada .... 1907. See Systematic index 
for family to which gall-insect belongs. 

PINALES. 
PINACBAB. 
Pinus rigida. 

Diplosis rigidae Packard. Pitch-pine needle-gall. 

Diplosis pini-rigidae Packard, 10th ann. rept. U. S. geog, and geol. surv. terr. f. 1876, 1878, p. 

527, fig.; 5th rept. U.S. ent.comm., 1890, p. 798-800, fig. 271. 
Cecidomyia resinicola Aldrich, Cat. N. A. dipt., 1905, p. 160 (following Kertesz ) 

This gall consists of an enlargement at base of cluster of needles. 
The base of each is widened and curved so as to form one spherical 
chamber within which are several smaller ones, apparently in pitch. The 
diameter of the galls is about 5 mm. The needles, stunted in growth, 
are from 1 to 2 cm. long. On pitch pine, Pinus rigida. 



8 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Picea canadensis. 
Adelges abietis Linn. Spruce gall. Fig. 1. 

Chermes abietis Linnaeus, Syst n:it., 1767, v. 1, pt. 2, p. 73S. 

Cholodkowsky, Zool. anzeiger, 1894, jahrg. 17, p. 434-437; 1896, band 19, 

p. 37 -40. 
Fernald, 9th ann. rept. Hatch exp. sta., 1897, p. 85-86; 34th ann. rept. 

Mass. agr. coll. f. 1896, [Mass.— Pub. doc, no. 31, 1896], 1S97, p. 89- 

100, pi. 1-2. 
Gillette, Bull. 47, Col. agr. exp. sta., 1898. p. 36-37. 
Lochhead, 30th ann. rept. Bnt. soc. Ontario, 1899, p. 60-61, fig. 8. 
Gillette, Bull. 31, Div. ent., U. S. dept. agr., 1902, p. 52-53. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 63. 
Adelges abietis, Packard, Bull. 7, TJ. S. ent. comm., 1S81, p. 235; 5th rept. U. S. ent- 

comm., 1890, p. 853. 
Kieffer, Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1902, v. 10, p. 377, 554. 

These galls are swellings of the base of the needles. Polythalamous. 
In July the galls dry, the cavities open and the insects escape. On white 
and black spruce, Picea canadensis and P. mariana. 

Picea mariana. 
Adelges abietis Linn. See above. 

SALIC ALES. 

SALICACBAE. 
Populus. 

Pemphigus popidicaulis Fitch. Poplar stem-gall. 

Pemphigus populicaulis Fitch, 5th rept. ins. N. Y. for 1858, 1859, p. 845. 
Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1S62, v. 1, p. 305. 
Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 57, 245. 
LeBaron, 3d rept. ins. 111., 1873, p. 193. 
Thomas, Trans. Dept. agr. 111. f. 1S78, 1879, n. s., v. 8 (Thomas, 3d 

rept. ins. 111.), p. 149. 
Henry, Amer. ent., 1SS0, v. 3 (s. 2, v. 1), p. 205-206, fig. 110. (The 

figure by Riley ) 
Oestlund, Bull. 4, Geol. and nat. hist. surv. Minn., 1SS7, p. 21. 
Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 471. 
Cook, Ohio nat., 1903, v. 3, p. 425-426, fig. 57-5S; 1904, v. 4, p. 118. 

124; 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f. 

1904, 1905, p. S49, fig. 41. 
Jarvis, ;<7th ann. rept. Ent soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 64, pi. C, fig. 3. 

Aii irregularly spherical gall at union of blade and petiole. The open- 
ing is closed by a twisting of the leaf. Common on several poplars. 
The insects emerge when the gall dries somewhat and opens, usually 
about the middle of the summer. 
Pemphigus transversus Riley, Poplar petiole gall. 

Pemphigus populi-transversus Riley, Bull. U. S. geol. and geog. surv. terr., 1879, v. 5, p. 

15-16, pi. 2, fig. 5. 
Oestlund, Bull. 4, Geol. and nat. hist. surv. Minn., 1887, p. 21. 
Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 434. 
Cook, Ohio nat., 1903, v. 3, p. 425-426, fig. 5556; 1904, v. 4, p. 
118, 124: 29th. ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. 
Indiana f. 1904, 1905, p. 850, fig. 42. 

This oval gall is formed midway of the petiole, on one side, with the 
opening opposite the petiole and transverse. Not common. On poplar, 
Populus. 



Insect Galls. 9 

Populus deltoides. 

Pemphigus vagabundus Walsh. 

Byrsocrypta vagabunda Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1862, v. 1, p. 306-307; 1S64, v. 2, p. 462. 
Pemphigus vagabundus Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1868, V. 1, p. 57; 1869, v. 1, p. 107-108. 
fig. 87-88. 
Packard, Guide study ins., 1869, p. 524, fig. 522,525. 
Oestlund, Bull. 4. Geol. and nat. hist. surv. Minn., 1887, p. 22. 
Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 118,140, fig. 112; 29th ann. re pi. Dept. 
geol. and nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 19n5, p. 850-851, fig. 43, 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 63. 

A deformation of the terminal bud with the leaves so changed as to 
lose all appearance of leaves, each becoming bag-like, some like cock's 
combs. Yellow-green, becoming nearly black in winter. Persistent. 
Very common. On poplar, Populus deltoides. 

Populus grandidentata. 
Mecas inornata Say. Poplar twig gall. Fig. 2. 

Saperda inornata Say, Journ. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1*23, v. 3, p. 407. 

Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1867, v. 6, p. 264. 
Mecas inornata Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1S9U, p. 427-42S, fig. 156. 

. Irregularly spherical swelling of the twig, 1-3 cm. in diameter. At 
first smooth, pithy, in second season becomes cracked without and hollow 
within. Beetle bores its way out in May. On Populus grandidentata 
and P. tremuloides. 

Cecidomyia? irregularis, n. s. 

Irregular, monothalamous, blister-galls, between veins. Usually more 
than one on a leaf. Projecting above mainly, presence indicated below by 
a light-colored, roughened space. On large-toothed aspen, Populus grand- 
identata. Not rare. 

Populus tremuloides. 

Pemphigus? rileyi n. s. Poplar cluster-gall. Fig. 3. 

A spherical, red and yellow gall occurring in clusters, usually on the 
under side of the leaf, near the petiole. Above there is a conical projec- 
tion at the top of which is the opening. Thin-walled. About 5 mm. in 
diameter. On aspen, Populus tremuloides. Eather common. 

Mecas inornata Say. See above. 

Agromyza simplex Loew. 

Agromyza simplex Loew, Dipt. Amer. septentr. indig., centur. viii, p. 84. (Berl. ent. 
zeitschr., 1869.) 

An irregularly oval, rough gall occuring singly or two in line on the 
twig. Color of the bark. About 8 mm. long, 4 mm. wide. Polythala- 
mous. On American aspen, Populus tremuloides. 

(This is apparently the same gall as is attributed to Agromyza 
aeneiventris Fallen by Jarvis (38th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1907, p. 
85-86, pi. A, fig. 8), but the imago reared from a Springfield gall answer- 
ing the same description has been pronounced by Mr. C. W. Johnson, of 
Boston, to be Agromyza simplex.) 



10 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Ectoedemia popyleila Busck. 

Ectoedemia populella Busck, Proc. Ent. soc. Washington, 1907, v. 8, p. 97-99. 

This subglobular, one-celled gall is found on the petiole at its union 
with the blade of the leaf. There are distinct longitudinal ridges. Color 
like that of the petiole. About 5-7 mm. in diameter. The cell-walls are 
1-2 mm. thick. Very abundant on American aspen, Populus tremuloides. 
In October the larvae go down to pupate in the ground. The moth 
emerges in May. 

Salix. 

Eriophyes aenigma Walsh. Willow mite gall. Fig. 8. 

Cecidomyia salicis-aenigma Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 608-610. 
Acarus salicis-aenigma Walsh, Proc. Ent,. soc. Phil., 1866, v. 6, p. 2.17. 

Deformation of leaf or flower bud. Polythalamous, irregular mass- 
both in size and shape. 1-3 cm. long. Like a woolly tangle of aborted 
flower parts. Silvery to ash gray in color. Appears in early summer 
(June). On willow, Salix. 

EriopJiyes semen Waish. Willow seed gall. 

Cecidomyia salicis-semen Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v 3, p. 606 6(18. 
Acarus salicis-semen Walsh, Proc Ent. soc. Phil., 1866, v. 6, p. 226-227. 

Cook, 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 
1905, p. 858. 

A small, monothalamous, sac-like, rounded gall. About 1 mm. in 
diameter. Usually on upper side of the leaf with the opening below. 
Found in large numbers on the leaf affected. Begins in early summer, 
matures with the leaf. On willow, Salix. 

Cecidomyia verruca Walsh. 

Cecidomyia salicis-verr una Walsh, Proc Ent. woe. Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 606; 1866, v. 6, p. 226. 

Monothalamous, subspherical gall on midrib or veins of leaf. Projects 
very slightly on upper surface, much more on under surface where the 
insect emerges, apparently, from a neat round hole. (This latter char- 
acteristic, so distinct from Walsh's description, has made me mistrust my 
identification.) On two species of willow, Salix. Late summer. 

Mayetiola rigidae Osten Sacken. Willow club-gall. Fig. 9. 

Cecidomyia salicis Fitch, Amer. quart journ. agr. and sci., 1845, v. 1, p. 2H3. (Somen praeoc.) 
Cecidomyia rigidae Osten Sacken, Mon. S, A dipt., 1862, pt. 1, p. 189, 

Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 594-597, 

Riley, Amer. ent. and hot., 1870, v. 2, p. 214, fig. 133. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1903, v. 3, p. 42 .», fig. 42. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 68. 
Mayetiola rigidae Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. f. 1907, 1908, |>. 357, 371. 

Monothalamous, irregularly conical, twig-gall, sometimes terminal, 
frequently with a twig growing from its side, always with several buds on 
sides. It is tipped with a hollow bud which looks as if it had died early 
in the development of the gall. Reddish brown, grooved lengthwise. 
About 2 cm. long. Larval cell extends the length of the gall. On common 
willows. Common. Insect remains as larva during winter, pupates in 
spring, soon emerges through terminal beak. 



Insect Galls. ' 11 

Rhabdophaga batatas Walsh. Willow potato-gall. 1 Fig. 7. 

Cecidomyia salicis-batatas Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 606; 1866, v. 6, p. 225-226. 

Packard, 5th rept. U S. ent comm., 1890, p. 598. 
Cecidomyia batatas, Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nut. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 268. 
Rhabdophaga batatas Jarvis, 38th arm. rept- Ent. soc. Ontario, 1907, p. S6, pi. A, fig. 7. 
Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. f. 1907, 1908, p. 338, 355, pi. 35, tig. 7. 

An extremely variable, polythalamous twig-gall. Usually not 
terminal, surrounding the twig, sometimes with leaves or small twigs 
growing from sides, sometimes several strung along the twig. Spongy 
or woody within. On several willows. Common. Insect remains as 
larva during the winter, pupates in spring and soon emerges. 

Bhabdophaga brassicoides Walsh, Willow cabbage-gall. Fig. 6. 

Cecidomyia salicis-brassicoides Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 575, 577-580. 

Walsh and Riley, Ainer. Ent., 1869, v 1, p. 105, fig. 84. 

Packard, Guide study ins., 1869, p. 377, fig. 282; 5th rept. 
U. S. ent comm., 1890, p. 580. 

Townsend, Can. ent., 1895, v. 27, p. 205-207. 
Cecidomyia brassicoides, Beutenmiiller, Bull Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 268. 
Rhabdophaga, brassicoides Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. f. 1907, 1908, p. 338, 356. 

Gall consisting externally of rather close clusters of leaves, but not 
so closely overlapping as in R. strobiloides, the leaves broader and with 
full margins, giving ruffled effect. Somewhat conical in outline, about 4 
cm. long by 25-30 mm. broad at base. Color like leaves of bush, turning 
very dark in winter. On willow, Saiix, 

Rhabdophaga gnaphaiioides Walsh. Fig. 4, 

Cecidomyia salicis-gnaphalioides Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil , 1864, v. 3, p. 575, 583 585; 

1S66, v. 6, p. 223-224. 

A monothalamous, solitary, oval gall, terminal on twigs. It consists 
of closely overlapping leaves, much dwarfed, the tips pinched together to 
form a beak, and spreading. About 1 cm. long. Yellow-brown with the 
outside of each leaf so covered with appressed, whitish hairs as to look 
silvery. Gall formed in summer, insects appearing in late April or in 
May. On willow, Salix. 

Rhabdophaga strobiloides Osten Sacken. Pine-cone willow-gall. Fig. 5. 

Cecidomyia strobiloides Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1S62, pt. I, p. 203. 
Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1S69, v. 1, p. 105, fig. 82. 
Packard, Guide study ins., 1869, p. 377, fig. 281. 
Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1S92, v. 4, p. 267-268, 

pi. 15, fig. 1. 
Cook, Ohio nat , 1902, v. 2, p. 272, fig. 32; 1903, v. 3, p. 419; 29th 
ami. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 
1905, p. S40, fig. 33-34. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 66. 
Cecidomyia salicis -strobiloides Walsh, Proc. Ent soc. Phil., 1864 v,. 3, p. 580-583. 
Rhabdophaga strobiloides Felt, 23d rept. ins. K. Y. f. 1907, 1908, p. 338, 355, 356. 

Cone-shaped gall consisting of a deformed terminal bud, the leaves 
closely overlapping. Monothalamous. 2-3 cm. long. Very abundant 
on willows. Fully grown in July. Insect emerges the following spring. 
On several species of willows, Salix. 

Cryptocampits cooperae Cockerell. Fig. 10-11. 

Cryptocampus cooperae Cockerell, Ann. and mag. nat. hist., 1901, s. 7, v. 7, p. 335. 
Rohwer, Journ. N. Y. ent. soc, 1909, v. 17, p. 11-12. 



12 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

A roughened, irregular, many-celled gall, rising very abruptly from 
the side of the twig. Woody, knotty. Two or more crowded together, 
or occurring singly, 5-15 mm. long, 5-10 mm. wide. On willow, Salix. 
September. 

Cryptocampus nodus Walsh. 

Euura salicis-nodus Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1866, v. 6, p. 253 254. 

Norton, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1867, v. 1, p. 8283; 1868, v. 2, p. 368. 
Cryptocampus salicis-nodus Rohwer, Journ. N. Y. ent. soc, 1909, v. 17, p. 15-16. (Further 

bibliography.) 

A gradual enlargement of the twig, usually around the twig, and sev- 
eral near one another. Polythalamous. From twice to several times the 
diameter of the twig. 1-3 cm. long. Larvae sometimes remain in gall 
over winter, sometimes go under ground. Emerge in April or May. On 
willow, Salix sp. 

Cryjitocampus ovum Walsh. Willow egg-gall. Fig. 12. 

Euura salicis-ovum Walsh, Proc Ent. soc Phil., 1866, v. 6, p. 251-252. 

Norton, Trans. Amer. ent. soc , 1867, v. 1, p. 80-82. 
Euura ovum, Beutenmuller, Ins. galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 24, fig. (Not sufficient for 
identification ) 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 69 
Cryptocampus salicis ovum Rohwer, Journ. N Y. ent. soc, 1909, v. 17, p. 12 14. (Further 

bibliography.) 

This monothalamous gall consists of a deformed bud the tip of which 
persists. The gall varies considerably in size and shape, sometimes 
nearly spherical, again elliptical or ovoid, and tapering. When mature 
the larval cell is surrounded by a red-brown spongy mass, containing 
fibers transverse to the stem. Rather common on willow, Salix sp. 
Insect remains as larva during winter. Some apparently pupate under- 
ground. Imago in April. 

Salix cordata. 
Nematus pomum Walsh. Willow apple-gall. 

Nematus salicis-pomum Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1866, v. «, p. 255. 

Norton, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1867, v. 1, p. 216 218. (Quotes 
Walsh's description.) 

Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1870, v. 2, p. 45, fig. 30. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 122, 127, 143, fig. 93, 110, 127. 
Nematus pomum, Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4. p. 263. 

Rounded, fleshy leaf-gall, about 1 cm. in diameter. Green with rosy 
cheek. Appears earl} 7 in the spring, matures by late July. Insect 
emerges the following April. Common on heart-leaved willow, Salix 
cordata,. 

JUGLANDALES. 
JUGLANDACEAE. 
Hicoria (Carya.) 
Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch. Hickory louse-gall. 

Pemphigus caryaecaulis Fitch, 1st rept. ins. N. Y., i855, p. 859860. 

Dactylosphaera caryae-magnum Shimer, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1869, v. 2, p. 391. 



Insect Galls. 13 

Dactylosphaera spinosum Shimer, op. tit., p. 397. 
Dactylosphaera subelliptictim Shimer, op. cit., p. 389. 

Phylloxera caryaecaulis Walsh and Riley, Ainer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 227. 
Riley, 7th rept. ins. Mo., 1S75, p. 117. 
Cook, Ohio nat., 1903, v. 3, p. 421, 425; 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. 

and nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 1905, p. 854, fig. 45. 
Pergande, Proc. Davenport acad. sci., 1904, v. 9, p. 244-247, fig. 40-44 
106 114, 124-127. 

Hemispherical gall of varying size on stem, petiole or ribs of leaves. 
Hollow, filled with lice. Bursts open becoming cup-shaped. Tough. 
May and June. Common on hickories, Hicoria. 

Phylloxera globuli Walsh. 

Phylloxera caryae-gldbuli Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1862, v. 1, p. 309; 1867, v. 6. p. 275. 
Riley, 7th rept. Ins. Mo., IS75, p. 117. 
Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm , 1890, p. 322. 
Cook, Ohio nat., 1902, v. 2, p. 266, fig. 18; 1903, v. 3, p. 425, fig. 
53: 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f. 
1904, 1905, p. 852. 
Pergande, Proc. Davenport acad. sci-, 1904, v. 9, p. 222-225. 
Dactylosphaera hemisphericum Shimer, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1869, v. 2, p. 387 388. 

A hemispherical gall on upper side of leaf, opening by a slit on the 
under side. 5-7 mm. in diameter. Green becoming black. On hickories, 
Hicoria. 

Cecidomyia caryavcola Osten Sacken. Hickory seed-gall. Fig. 13. 

Cecidomyia caryaecola Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 192. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Anier. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 266, pi. 
14, fig. 2. 

Smooth, elongated gall, somewhat conical, apex prolonged into a point, 
which is frequently curved. Monothalamous, 7-9 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. 
Green becoming brown in fall. Common separately, or mixed with other 
galls, in large numbers on under side of leaves of hickories, Hicoria. 

Cecidomyia persicoides Osten Sacken. Hickory peach-gall. 

Cecidomyia persicoides Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1. p. 193. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 267, pi- 14, 
fig. 3; 1907, v. 23, p 393, pi. 17, fig. 10. 

Rounded, irregular galls on under side of leaf. Variable both in shape 
and size. Covered with a very fine down. One medium sized one about 
5 mm. in diameter. Monothalamous. Light brown when mature. Not 
as abundant as other species of cecidomyid galls on hickories. On hick- 
ories, Hicoria. August. 

Cecidomyia sangainolenta Osten Sacken. Hickory cone-gall. 

Cecidomyia sanguinolenta Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p 192. 
Beutenmuller, Ins. galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 28, fig. 

Conical gall, narrowed at the base. About 4 mm. high, 3 mm. wide. 
Red or violet. Monothalamous. Found in July. Common on under 
side of leaves of hickories, Hicoria. 

Hormomyia holotricJia Osten Sacken. Hickory onion-gall. 

Cecidomyia hololricha Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 193. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 266, pi. 14, fig. 1; 

Ins. galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, Separate, p. 26-27, fig. 
Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 140-141, fig. 116; 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. 
and nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 1905, p. 840. 
Hormomyia holotricha Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. f . 1907, 1908, p. 382, 389. 



14 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Subglobular, monothalamons galls, 3-5 mm. in diameter, covered 
with pale hairs when young which become rusty brown when the gall is 
mature. Very abundant on under side of leaves of different hickories, 
Hicoria. Sometimes so massed as entirely to cover the leaf.- Sometimes 
with other galls. Larvae fully grown in October. 
Hormomyia tubicola Osten Sacken. Hickory tube-gall. 

Cecidomyia tubicola Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 192. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 267, pi. 14, fig. 4; 

Ins. galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 27, fig. 
Cook, Oliio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 141, fig. 117; 29tli ann. rept. Dept. geol. and 
nat. res. Indiana f . 1904, 1905, p. 840. 
Hormomyia tubicola Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. f . 1907, 1908, p. 382, 388, pi. 37, fig. 5. 

Slender, cylindrical galls inserted in a saucer-like base from which 
they fall very easily. About 5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide. Green when 
young, becoming brown or almost black at the tip when mature. In 
October each contains one very light, full-grown larva, Usually in 
clusters on leaves of different hickories, Hicoria. Common. Galls fall 
to the ground where the insects mature. 

Hicoria ovata. 
Hormomyia caryae Osten Sacken. 

Diplosis caryae Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 191. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 67. 
Hormomyia caryae Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y i. 1907, 1908, p. 382, 388. 

Smooth, globular, monothalmous, seed-like gall, with a small point at 
apex. 2-4 mm. in diameter. In summer green and soft, in winter brown 
and woody. Those collected in October contained full-grown larvae. 
Fly emerges in April. Common on leaves of shell-bark hickory, Hicoria 
ovata. 

Hicoria alba. 
Phylloxera fallax Riley. 

Phylloxera caryae-fallax Riley, 7th rept. ins. Mo., 1875, p. 118. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 323. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1902, v. 2, p. 266, fig. 17; 1903, v. 3, p. 425, fig. 51-52; 29th 

ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 1905, p. 

852-853, fig. 44. 
Pergande, Proc. Davenport acad. sci., 1904, v. 9, p. 214-216, fig. 52-53, 

71-74. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 64, pi. C, fig. 4. 

Conical gall on upper side of leaf, opening on under side of leaf by a 
much shorter cone. About 5 mm. above. Very abundant on white-heart 
hickory, Hicoria alba. 

Phylloxera caryaevenae Fitch. 

Pemphigus? caryaevenae Fitch, 3d rept. ins. N. Y., 1856, p. 126. 
Phylloxera caryaevenae Riley, 7th rept. ins. Mo., 1875, p. 117. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 322. 

Pergande, Proc. Davenport acad. sci., 1904, v. 9, p. 239-243, fig. 38-39, 

98-105. 
Cook, 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f . 1904, 1905, 

p. 852. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 64. 



Insect Galls. 15 

This gall is a folding of the leaf along the midrib with the opening 
below, guarded by a hair-like growth. On white-heart hickory, Hicoria 
alba. Not common. 

Phylloxera pilosula Pergande. 

Phylloxera pilosula Pergande, Proc. Davenport acad. sci., 1904, v. 9, p. 203-205, fig. 17, 49. 

Convex on upper side of the leaf, prolonged below into a long and 
slender point, which splits into five or six parts. Covered above and 
below with yellowish shiny hairs. 3-6 mm. in diameter, 2-3 mm. thick. 
Not rare on white-heart hickory, Hicoria alba. 

Hicoria glabra. 

Phylloxera semen Walsh. 

Xerophylla caryae-semen Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1867, v. 6, p. 283. 
Dactylosphaera caryae-semen Walsh, 1st rept. ins. 111., 1868, p. 23. 

Shimer, Trans. Amer. ent. soc., 1869, v. 2, p. 392-393. 
Phylloxera caryae-semen Riley, 7th rept. ins. Mo., 1875, p. 117. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 322. 

Pergande, Proc. Davenport acad. sci., 1904, v. 9, p. 211-213, fig. 50-51 

A small seed-like gall found by hundreds on upper side of leaf of pig- 
nut, Hicoria glabra, July. 

FAGALES. 

BBTULACBAB. 

Carpinus caroliniana. 

Cecidomyia pudibunda Osten Sacken. 

Cecidomyia pudibunda Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 202. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 66, pi. D, flg. 6. 
Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1907, v. 23, p. 389, pi. 13, flg. 8. 

This gall consists of a fold between the larger veins of the leaf, pro- 
jecting above, open beneath. Green becoming brown or red, 7-11 mm. 
long, 1-3 mm. high, tapering to the surface of the leaf. On American 
hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana. Collected by Dr. Geo. Dimmock, Aug. 
and Sept. 1908. 

This gall seems to be the same as Cecid. pudibunda. It is called 
Contarinia carpini and is found on Carpinus betulus of Europe. See 
C. Houard, Les zoocecidies des Plants d'Europe, 1908, p. 187. 

Corylus americana. 
Eriophyes avellanae Jarvis. Hazelnut bud-gall. 

Eriophyes avellanae, Jarvis, 39th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1908, p. 83. 

This gall is an abortion of the terminal bud and sometimes the lateral 
bud or buds. The stem does not develop, and the leaves become scarcely 
more than scales. Subspherical, about 1 cm. in diameter. On hazelnut, 
Corylus americana. Rather common. Similar to Phytoptus coryligallarum 
Targ. of Europe. 

Eriophyes coryli n. s. Mite gall of hazelnut. 

A deformity of the leaf brought about by the excessive shortening and 
thickening of midrib and some of the main veins, producing puckering of 



16 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

the blade tissues. The thickened sac-like veins are really the galls, 
opening by slits above. Pubescent. On leaves of hazelnut, Corylus 
americana. One specimen. September. 

Cecidomyia? squamulicola, n. s. Hazel catkin gall. Fig. 14. 

A gall which deforms the base of the sterile catkins, increasing the 
size of the scale, so the diameter of the catkin is twice or thrice the normal. 
Not uncommon on hazelnut, Corylus americana. September. 

Betula lenta. 

Hamamelistes spinosus Shinier. 

See account of this species under Hamamelis virginiana, further on. 

Betula lutea. 
Eriophyes hetulae n. s. Bud gall of birch. Fig. 15. 

Without scientific name, Hagen, Can. ent., 1885, v. 17, p. '25. 

Eriophyes, sp., Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario 1906, p. 59, pi. A, fig. 6. 

An abnormal growth of the buds, the terminal growth being checked, 
forming considerable masses of undeveloped buds. On yellow birch, 
Betula lutea. Common. 

Alnus rugosa. 

Dasyneura serrulatae Osten Sacken. Alder bud-gall. Fig. 16. 

Cecidomyia serrulatae Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 198. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. nius. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 264, pi. 13, fig. 4; 
Ins. galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 24, fig. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 68. 
Dasyneura serrulatae Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. f. 1907, 1908, p. 336, 351. 

A deformation of the terminal bud. Rounded, very pubescent, brown, 
10-15 mm. in diameter. Not common. On Alnus rugosa. Galls collected 
in October, kept on moist earth, gave a fly the following April. 

FAGACEAE. 
Fagus americana. 
Eriophyes? ferruginea Farlow. Beech mite-gall. 

Erineum ferrugineum Farlow, Hagen, Can. ent., 1885, v. 17, p. 26. 
Without scientific name, Garman, Psyche, 1892, v. 6, p. 246. 
Eriophyes, sp., Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario 1906, p. 62. 

The upper side of the leaf is discolored and somewhat depressed above 
the clusters of granules which on the under side are very numerous. The 
mites feed among these granules. At first white, "frosty," later brown. 
On beech, Fagus americana. 

Castanea dentata. 

Eriophyes clentatae n. s. Chestnut leaf gall. Fig. 17. 

Eriojihyes, sp., Jarvis, 38th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1907, p. 93. 

A small, rough, monothalamous gall on the leaf. Woody, circular, 
projecting more above, 2-3 mm. in diameter, usually surrounded by a 
light ring. Larval cell held in place by radiating fibers. Usually several 
on a leaf of chestnut, Castanea dentata. 



Insect Galls. 17 

Cecidomyia? castaneae, n. s. Fig. 18. 

An ellipsoidal, monothalamous gall found singly or in small groups 
near the base of leaves of chestnut, Castanea deutata, projecting from 
under side of the principal veins, occasionally from the midrib, seeming 
to be an enlargement of the vein. It opens by a slit above, extending 
the length of the gall, the lips tightly closed. The surface is smooth like 
the surface of the leaf. The walls are succulent, from 0.6 to 1.5 mm. 
thick at back. Galls 6-12 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, 4-8 mm. deep, tap- 
ering to union with the leaf at the ends. Light yellow -green, a few 
tinged with red. Collected from very young trees, on short sprout from 
base of tree, in June, when the galls seemed well grown. 

A gall which seems to be identical is described by C. Houard, in Les 
Zoocecidies des Plantes d'Europe. p. 210. This occurs on Castanea 
vulgaris. 

Quercus. 
Cecidomyia niveipila Osten Sacken. Oak fold-gall. 

Cecidomyia niveipila Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 199-200. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Ainer. raus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 271; Ins. galls 

vicin. N. Y., 1901, p. 31, fig. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 66. 

Irregular in size and shape, consists of a fold or cavity from the upper 
side of the leaf. The fold is. lined with white pubescence which is also 
conspicuous on the under side. Sometimes the whole leaf is deformed, 
sometimes only the midrib. In a large gall several larvae are found ; 
these go into the ground to pupate. Common early on leaves of several 
kinds of oaks, Quercus. 

Quercus, black oak group. 

Andricus excavatus Ashmead. Excavated gall. 

Andricus excavatus Ashmead, Proc. IT. S. nat. inus., 1896, v. 19, p. 121. 

Rounded, woody galls, looking as if they had been forced out of slits 
in the twigs. Varying much in shape and size, from 3-6 mm. in diameter. 
Brown, monothalamous. Collected in fall, insects emerge in following 
spring. On black oak group, Quercus. 

Quercus rubra. 
Cecidomyia' majalis Bassett. Vein gall of oak. Fig. 32. 

Cecidomyia quercus-majalis Bassett, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 682-683. 
Cecidomyia majalis Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc, Phil., 1860, v. 4, p. 340,353; Trans. Ainer. 
ent. soc, 1870, v. 3, p. 53. 

Packard, 5 th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 207. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc Ontario. 1906, p. 6S, pi. D, fig. 5. 

An oblong blister-like gall aloDg the principal veins, usually on the 
under side of the leaf. It opens by a slit on the opposite side which may 
be opened by pulling the leaf. Green becoming brown. Sometimes veins 
show on the gall. Thin-walled. The larva drops to the ground to trans- 



18 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

form. Common on scarlet oak, black oak, red oak and pin oak, Qtiercns 
coccinea, Q. velutina, Q. rubra and Q. palustris. 

Cincticornia pilulae Walsh. Oak pill-gall. 

Cynips quercus-pilulae Walsh,- Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 2, p. 481-482. 
Cecidomyia quercus-pilulae Walsh and Rile^, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 2, p. 29. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm, 1890, p. 206-207. 
Cecidomyia pilulae, Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 269, pi. 15, fig. 3; 
Ins. galls viein. N. Y., 1904, p. 30, fig. 
Cook, Ohio nat., 1902, v. 2, p. 267, fig. 23; 29th aan. rept. Dept. geol. and 
nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 1905, p. 841. 
Cincticornia pilulae Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. f . 1907, 1908, p. 374, 381. 

A solid, rounded, irregular polythalamous gall on upper side of leaf. 
Differs from C. symmetrica Osten Sacken in having a small green projec- 
tion on under side of leaf instead of being same above and below. 
Frequently several coalesce. Brown becoming reddish. Surface much 
cracked, later the covering bursting and standing up ragged and irregular. 
Common on several species of red oak group. Matures in September. 

AmpMbolips coelebs Osten Sacken. Oak spindle-gall. Fig. 26-29. 

Cynips qaercus-coelebs Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1861, v. 1, p, 60-61; 1865, v. 4, p. 340. 
AmpMbolips coelebs Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 105. 

Beutenmuller, Ins. galls viein. N. Y., 1904, p. 12, fig. 

A smooth, spindle-shaped gall, attached to the midrib or to a large 
vein, sometimes very little of the leaf developed, Stem long, the gall 
tapering very gradually, especially at the base, tip pointed. Light brown. 
3-4 cm. long, 4-15 mm. wide. Monothal anions, thin-walled, the larval cell 
supported mainly by longitudinal fibers, a few radiating transverse fibers. 
On red oak, Quercus rubra, and on scarlet oak, Q. coccinea. Not rare. 

AmpMbolips confluentus Harris. Oak apple. 

Cynips confluentus Harris, Kept. ins. Mass. inj. veg., 1841, p. 397; Treat, ins. N. E. inj. veg., 

1842, p. 397. 
Cynips confluents Harris, Treat, ins. N. E. inj. veg., 1852, p. 433; Treat, ins. inj. veg. (Flint ed.), 

1862, p. 546. 
Cynips quercus-spongifica Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1862, v. 1, p. 244-249; 1865, v. 4, p. 
340-341,354. 
Walsh, Proc. Ent, soc. Phil., 1864, v. 2, p. 443-500, fig. 
Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 103, fig. 78. 
Walsh, Amer. ent. and botan., 1870, v. 2, p. 330-335, fig. 5. 
Cynips quercusaciculata Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1862, v. 1, p. 56-57 note, 245; 1865, 

v. 4, p. 345. 
Cynips quercus-coccineae Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1862, v. 1, p. 243, 248. 
AmpMbolips coccineae Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 294. 

Packard, 5th rept. TJ. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 104. 
AmpMbolips spongifica Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 294; Psyche, 1903, v. 10, 
p. 154. 
Gillette, Psyche, 1889, v. 5, p. 184. 
AmpMbolips confluentus Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 250, pi. 10, fig. 4. 
Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 119, 126, 131, 141, fig. 105, 121. 

A globular gall found attached to leaf by small portion. Monothala- 
mous ; larval cell surrounded by brown spongy mass, and that by a rather 
smooth thickened wall. Pale green and soft while fresh, turning brown 
and brittle. 2-4 cm. in diameter. Common on black, red and scarlet 
oaks, Quercus velutina, Q. rubra and Q. coccinea. Begins growth about 



Insect Galls. 19 

May. Males and females emerge in June. Some females remain until 
October (C. aciculata Osten Sacken.) A good example of dimorphism. 

Amphibolips inanis Osten Sacken. Empty oak-apple. 

Callaspidia confluenta Fitch (non Harris), 5th rept. ins. N. Y. f. 1858, 1859, p. 817. 
Cynips guercus-inanis Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1861, v. 1, p. 58, 242; 1865, v. 4, p. 354. 
Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 2, p. 457-460; 1864, v. 3, p. 408-430. 
Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 104, fig. 79. 
Walsh, Amer. ent., 1870, v. 2, p. 330-335, fig. 6. 
Amphibolips inanis Ashniead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v, 12, p. 294. 
Gillette, Psyche, 1889, v. 5, p. 184. 
Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 105. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 251, pi. 10, -fig. 5. 
Cook, Ohio nat., 1902, v. 2, p. 268, fig. 28; 1904, v. 4, p. 119, 126, 131,hg. 79, 104. 

This is a spherical gall with thin walls from which many fibers extend 
towards the center, these holding in place the cell in which the larva 
develops. The gall is between 15 and 30 mm. in diameter, light yellow- 
green changing to light brown. Common on leaves of scarlet and red 
oak, Quercus coccinea and Q. rubra. Matures in June. 

Amphibolips nubilipennis Harris. Transparent oak-gall. Fig. 23. 

Cynips nubilipennis Harris, Rept. ins. Mass. in], veg., 1841, p. 39S; Treat, ins. N. E. inj. veg., 
1842, p. 39$; same, 1852, p. 434; Treat, ins. inj. veg. (Flint ed), 1862, 
p. 548. 
Cynips quercus-sculptus Bassett, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1863, v. 2, p. 324. 
Cynips sculpta Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 356. 
Cynips quercus-sculpta Packard, 5th rept. 17. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 114. 
Amphibolips sculpta Gillette, Psyche, 1889, v. 5, p. 184. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 105. 

Cook, Ohio nat,, 1904, v. 4, p. 142, fig. 123. 
Amphibolips nubilipennis Beutenmiiller, Psyche, 1908, v. 15, p. 10. 

A smooth, globular, fleshy, monothalamous gall, looking like a green 
grape, translucent. 8-15 mm. in diameter. Difficult to preserve. Found 
on red oak, Quercus rubra, scarlet oak, Q. coccinea and black oak, Q. 
velutina. Insects appear in June. 

Amphibolips prumis Walsh. Acorn plum -gall. Fig. 38-40 

Cynips quei-cus-prunus Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 639. 

Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 18&5, v. 4, p. 360. 
Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 104, fig. 80-81. 
Amphibolips prunus Gillette, Psyche, 1889, v. 5, p. 184. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 105, 115. 
Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 252. 
Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 142, fig. 122. 

A subspherical, fleshy, solid, monothalamous gall. Smooth. Bright 
red shading to yellow within. About 15-30 mm. in diameter. On the 
cup of acorn of red oak, Quercus rubra, and scrub oak, Q. nana. Fairly 
common. Falls readily from the acorn, so it may be frequently found on 
the ground. The insect remains two years in the gall ; emerges in the 
spring. When the gall grows to large size the acorn remains small. 

Andricus piper aides Bassett. 

Andricus piperoides Bassett, Trans. Amer. ent. soc., 1900, v. 26, p. 314-315. 

These galls are found in clusters of one to five dozen along the midrib, 
looking as if they had burst out from the inside of the leaf or vein. Each 



20 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

is smooth, spherical, attached by a small stem, 3-8 mm. in diameter, 
monothalamous, grayish or tinged with red. They fall to the ground, 
where the larva completes its metamorphosis, which sometimes requires 
two years. Insects in second summer. Leaves of red oak, Quercus 
r ultra. Not rare. 
Andricus singularis Bassett. Small oak apple. 

Cynips quercus-singularis Bassett, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1863, v. 2, p. 326. 

Cynips singularis Osten Saeken, Proc. Ent. soc. Pbil., 1865, v. 4, p. 355. 

Cynips nubilipennis Fitch (non Harris). Osten Saeken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 

3-10, 348. 
Andricus singularis BaTssett , Amer. nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 

Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 295. 

Gillette, I'syche, 1S-9, v. 5, p. 186. 

Packard, 5th rept. IT. S. ent. coram., 1S90, p. 105. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 256; pi. 11, fig. 4. 

Spherical, smooth, thin-walled gall, projecting on both sides of the 
leaf. About 1 cm. in diameter. The larval cell held in place by radiating 
fibers. Green becoming brown and brittle. Common on red oak, Quercus 
rubra. Insects in July. 

Callirhytis punctata Bassett. Knot oak-gall. 

Cynips quercus-punctata Bassett, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1863. v. 2, p. 324. 
Cynips quercus-podagrae Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 2, p. 492. 
Cynips punctata, Osten Saeken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 341, 358. 
Andricus ( Callirhytis) punctata Bassett, Amer. nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 

Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 294. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 105. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 253-254. 

Jarvis, 38th aim. rept. Ent. soc Ontario, 1907, p. 91, fig. 
Andricus punctatus Gillette, Psyche, 1889, v. 5, p. 185. 

An irregularly spherical, rough, woody gall, constricted at its union 
with the branch which it usually surrounds. Polythalamous. Color of the 
branch, but turning almost black with age. Varying greatly in size ; 
sometimes several are united and masses the size of the fist are formed 
which impair the appearance of the tree. On black oak, Quercus velutina, 
and red oak, Q. rubra. Common. Reported on scarlet oak, Q. coccinea. 

Cynips? constricta, n. s. Fig. 24. 

A smooth, fleshy, one-celled gall occurring scattered on the under side 
of the leaf, along midrib or larger veins. Urn-shaped. Green with red 
tips, shiny. 4-6 mm. tall, 3-4 mm. wide. On red oak, Quercus rubra. 
September. 

Cynips cleciclua Bassett. Fig. 54. 

Cynips quercus -decidua Bassett, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 689. 
Riley, Amer. ent., 1880, v. 3, p. 278. 
Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 115. 

Clusters of seed-like galls, often thirty or more, growing on the mid- 
rib of leaves. Smooth, monothalamous, larger at tip where there is a slight 
ring. About 6 mm. long. Greenish-white, looking as if they had burst 
the covering. F'ull grown in October, but apparently the larvae grow 
after the galls have fallen to the ground. On red oak, Quercus rubra. 



Insect Galls. 21 

Dryophanta Janata Gillette. Fig. 25. 

Dryophanta lanata Gillette, Bull. 111. state lab. nat. hist., 1891, v. 3, p. 198, pi. 9, fig. 5. 

A cluster of several light brown, wooly galls, sometimes pink-tinted, 
found on the under side of the leaf. Individual galls cone-shaped, mouo- 
thalamous, attached by tip of cone to common center. About 5 mm. 
wide, 5-7 mm. high. The galls fall from the leaf in early autumn. The 
flies emerge the following spring. Common on scarlet oak, Quercus 
coccinea. Figured on red oak, Q. rubra. 

Holcaspis fasciata Bassett. Fig. 43. 

Holcaspis fasciata Bassett, Trans. Aruer. ent. soc, 1900, v. 26, p. 328-329. 

Spherical, smooth galls arranged in lines near the tips of the year's 
growth. In the fall full of a fleshy mass with no distinct organism. 5-15 
mm. in diameter. Banded with irregular red and green spots. Turning- 
dark and falling to the ground, where, during the next summer, the larva 
develops and emerges the succeeding fall. Common on scrub oak, 
Quercus nana; also found on Q. coccinea, Q. velutina and Q. rubra. 

Quercus palustris. 
Gecidomyia foliora Bussell and Hooker. Fig. 30. 

Cecidomyia foliar a-Hnssell and Hooker, Ent. news, 1908, v. 19, p. 349-352, pi. 14. ' 

Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. f. 1907, 1908, p. 384, 415. 
Cecidomyia erubescens Osten Sacken, who described the gall only, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N\ 
A., 1862, pt, 1, p. 200. 

This gall consists of a rolling of the edge of the leaf over to the upper 
surface. Occasionally the larva begins eating at a hole in the leaf, caus- 
ing the roll at that place. Color more or less red. One or more larvae. 
May. Common on scarlet oak, Quercus coccinea. Sometimes on black 
oak, Q. velutina, and pin oak, Q. palustris. 

Cecidomyia majalis Bassett. See. p. 17. 

Callirhytis cornigera Osten Sacken. Horned-knot oak-gall. 

Cynips quercus-cornigera Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1862, v. 1, p. 251. 
Cynips cornigera Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. '4, p. 358. 
Andricus (Callirhytis) cornigera Bassett, Ainer. nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 

Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 294. 

'Gillette, Psyche, 1889, v. 5, p. 185, 221. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 105. 

Beutenniiiller, Bull. Ainer. nius. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 253, pi. 
10, fig. 3. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 122-123, 143-144, fig. 130. 

Irregularly spherical, indented at union with stem, rough with protub- 
erances from which the insect emerges. Polythalamous. Hard, woody, 
2-5 cm. in diameter. Color of the branch of pin oak, Quercus palustris, 
on which it is found. Not common. Insects emerge in September; two 
sexes. 

Callirhytis palustris Osten Sacken. Succulent oak gall. Fig. 37. 

Cynips quercus palustris Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1861, v. 1, p. 51, 62-63; 1865, v. 4, p. 
359; Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1870, v. 3, p. 54-55. 
Bassett, I'roc Ent. soc. Phil., 1863, v. 2, p. 329. 
Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc Phil., 1864, v. 2, p. 488. 



22 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Andricus (Callirhytis) palustris Bassett, Amer. nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 

Asl)inead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 294. 
Packard, 5th rept. IT. S. ent. coram., 1890, p. 105, 113. 
Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 256. 
Dryophanta palustris Cresson, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1887, v. 14, suppl., p. 179. 

Bassett, Trans. Amer. ent. soc., 1890, v. 17, p. 74. 
Andricus palustris Jarvis, 37th ami. rept. Ent. soe. Ontario, 1906, p. 71. 

Westwood (quoting Bosc), Intr. mod. classif. ins., 1840, v. 2, p. 131, probably refers 
to this species. 

Spherical, fleshy, smooth, hollow gall on young leaves. Monothala- 

mous. The larval cell spherical, rolling about, unattached. Green, 

becoming brown. About 1 cm. in diameter. Rather common on pin oak, 

Quercus palustris. Abundant on aments and leaves of scarlet oak, Q. 

coccinea, and scrub oak, Quercus nana. Insects in May. 

Quercus coccinea. 
Cecidomyia foliora Russell and Hooker. See p. 21. 
Cecidomyia majalis Osten Sacken. See p. 17. 
Cecidomyia pusluloides Beutenmiiller. Fig. 36. 

Cecidomyia pustuloides Beuteumuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1907, v. 23, p. 390. 

Irregular, blister-like, hard galls projecting from either or both sides 
of the leaf. Many on the edge, others scattered within the blade. One- 
celled to several -celled (!). Opening above or below. Leaf somewhat 
puckered. Galls 1.5-4 mm. in diameter, about 1 mm. thick. Walls 
rather thick, woody. Red, of color of surrounding parts of leaf when 
found, Oct. 11. On scarlet oak, Quercus coccinea, and black oak, Q. 
velutina. 

Amphibolips coelebs Osten Sacken. See p. 18. 

Amphibolips confiuentus Harris. See p. 18. 

Amphibolips inanis Osten Sacken. See p. 19.- 

Amphibolips nubilipennis Harris. See p. 19. 

Amphibolips tinctoriae Ashmead. Fig. 19-20, 31. 

Amphibolips tinctoriae Ashmead, Proc. TJ. S. nat. mus., 1896, v. 19, p. 125. 

Thin-walled, smooth, monothalamous galls, sometimes several together, 
on tip of young twigs. Irregularly triangular in outline, much inflated 
on one side, with a distinctly sharp edge. The brown larval cell held in 
place by radiating fibers. Has a thin but hard wall; 6-20 mm. long. 4-11 
mm. wide. Green with dark spots when young, brown when mature. 
Very abundant on one tree, from which many had fallen. Scarlet oak, 
Quercus coccinea, and black oak, Q. velutina. 

Near Port Jefferson, Long Island, N. Y., in October, 1908, the ground 
under several oaks examined was literally strewn with these galls, which 
there averaged considerably larger. Many had their larval chambers 
emptied, apparently by birds. 



Insect Galls. 23 

Andricus? gallaestriatae, n. s. Striate oak-gall. Fig. 34. 

A spindle-shaped gall developed from a very small bud near the base 
of last season's twig, projecting from the tip of the bud. Top blunt with 
inserted tip. Comparatively thick-walled, the one larval cell filling the 
space, with a mere suggestion of supporting fibers at either end. Stem 
longer than remainder of the gall. Gall about 2 cm. long, 2 mm. wide. 
Green yellow with each of the 7-10 longitudinal ridges tinged with red, 
more strongly on one side of the gall than on the other. On scarlet oak, 
Quercus coccinea. September. 

This gall resembles Andricus callidoma Giraud and A. giraudi Wachtl 
of Europe in situation and general shape, but is smooth instead of hairy. 
See C. Houard's Les zoocecidies des plantes d'Europe, 1908, p. 236 and 
243. 

Callirhytis fruticola Ashmead. Fig. 33. 

Callirhytis fruticola Riley MS., Ins. life, 1893, v. 5, p. 196; Murtf eldt, -Ins. life 1894, v. 6, p. 322. 
Ashmead, Proe. U. S. nat. mus., 1896, v. 19, p. 131. 

Small galls, several (7 or more) completely filling the shell of acorns. 
So massed as to give irregular shapes. Walls pithy, inner wall firm, 
rather thick, filled by white larva. Size varying with size of acorn. 
Brown without, white within. On scarlet oak, Quercus coccinea. May 
be quite common, but the acorns give no external indication of their 
presence, so it is seldom noticed. 

Callirhytis palustris Osten Sacken. See p. 21-22. 

Callirhytis punctata Bassett. See p. 20. 

Callirhytis pusulatoides Bassett. 

Andricus {Callirhytis) pusulatoides Bassett, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1890, v. 17, p. 74. 

"Blister-like galls on the points of the acute lobes of the leaves of 
Quercus coccinea, each tipped with the long hair-like point that terminates 
each lobe. They are ovate-acuminate, and look as if a bubble of air had 
separated the upper and under lamina of the leaf. They are about one- 
third by one-fifth of an inch in diameter, sometime a little depressed verti- 
cally. The walls are very thin, the color the same as the leaf. Each con- 
tains a free, oblong-oval, thin-walled larval cell, whose length is fully 
twice its diameter." 

Callirhytis saccularius Bassett. 

Callirhytis saccularius Bassett, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1890, v. 17, p. 76. 

An irregularly hemispherical gall projecting from the under side of the 
leaf, showing above a brown circle in which is usually the opening through 
which the adult emerges. Green becoming brown, surface with rather 
long, scattered hairs. Monothalamous with thin walls, 3-4 mm. in diam- 
eter, 2-3 mm. deep. On scarlet oak, Quercus coccinea, usually, sometimes 
on black oak, Q. velutina. 



24 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Cynips? crislata, n. s. Oak tufted gall. Fig. 41. 

A polytbalamous gall on the upper side of the leaf, usually on a vein. 
About 1 mm. in diameter. Covered with a dense mass of silky hairs 
about 0.5 mm. long. Red when young, soon becoming brown. On 
scarlet oak, Quercus coccinea, and scrub oak, Q,. nana. 

Cynips? obovata, n. s. Obovate oak-gall. Fig. 21, 35. 

A deformation of the bud, terminal or near the tip. Obovate, slightly 
pointed, smooth, with thin shell to which the single larval chamber is 
attached by radiating fibers. About 12 mm. long, 8 mm. wide. Dull 
yellow-green becoming light brown, thickly sprinkled with dots of violet- 
red, these sometimes so-running together as to make one side nearly all 
red. Fairly common on scarlet oak, Quercus coccinea. September. 

Cynips f sera, n. s. 

A smooth, fleshy, subglobular gall, on the under side of the leaf, 
slightly attached to the blade or very small vein. A slight depression at 
the top. White, with tinge of pink, to deep red of autumn color of the 
leaf. 2-4 mm. in diameter. Monothalamous. Quite abundant on scarlet 
oak, Quercus coccinea, in September and October. 

Quercus velutina. 
Cecidomyia foliora Russell and Hooker. See p. 21. 
Cecidomyia majalis Osten Sacken. See p. 17. 
Cecidomyia pustuloides Beutenmiiller. See. p. 22. 
Amphibolips confluentus Harris. See p. 18. 
Ampihibolips nubilipennis Harris. See p. 19. 
Amphibolip)S tinctoriae Ashmead. See p. 22. 
Callirliytis punctata Bassett. See p. 20. 
Callirhytis saccularius Bassett. See p. 23. 
H'dcaspis fasciata Bassett. See p. 21. 

Quercus nana. 
Eriophyes querci Garman. Oak mite gall. Fig. 52. 

Phytoptus querci Garman, 12th rept. state ent. 111., 1883, p. 138. 

Packard, 5th rept. IT. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 213-214. 
Eriophyes querci Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 61. 

This gall appears on the upper surface of the leaf as a circular convex 
swelling, below it is concave, filled with pink or brown pubescence : rarely 
occurs with the upper surface concave, but the pubescence below as in the 
common form. Of variable size. Described from specimens from Quercus 
macrocarpa. Found here on white oak, Quercus alba. Chestnut oak, Q. 
prinus, dwarf chestnut oak, Q. prinoides and scrub oak, Q. nana. Rather 
common. 



Ixsect Galls. 25 

Amphibolips ilicifoliae Bassett. Scrub-oak gall. Fig. 44. 

Cynips quercus-ilicifoliae Bassett, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 681-682. 
Cynips ilicifoliae Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 340, 355. 
Amphibolips ilicifoliae Ashmead, Trans. Anier. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 294. 

Packard, 5th rept. 17. S, ent. comm., 1890, p. 105. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 252, pi. 10, fig. 6. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 142. 

A rather rough fusiform gall, tapering at either end, especially at tip. 
Thin-walled, the larval chamber in the center, held in place by radiating 
fibers. About 40 mm. long, half as broad in broadest part. Light green 
changing to light brown in autumn. Very common on leaves of scrub oak, 
Quercus nana. 

Amphibolips prunus Walsh. Seep. 19. 

Andricus Jlocci Walsh. Oak wool-gall. Fig. 46. 

Cynips quercus-flocci Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 2, p. 482-483. 
Andricus Jlocci Gillette, Psyche, 1889, v. 5, p. 185-186, 221. 

The following references are to Synergus lana Fitch, an inquiline in the gall made by 
Andricus Jlocci, but the gall should be designated by the name of its maker. 
Cynips quercus-lana Fitch, 5th rept. ins. N. Y. for 1858, 1859, p. 814. 

Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 359. 
Andricus lana Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1S85, v. 12, p. 295. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 105. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 257, pi. 11, fig. 5. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 71, pi. D, fig. 1. 
Synergus lana Cresson, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1887, v. 14, suppl., p. 180. 

Numerous small seed-like galls grouped on a large vein of the leaf, 
covered with a woolly white or a light brown mass. About 15 mm. long. 
On the under side of leaves of white oak, Quercus alba, and scrub oak, 
Q. nana. Common. 

Andricus imbricariae Ashmead. 

Andricus imbricariae Ashmead, Proc. XI. S. nat. mus., 1896, v. 19, p. 122. 

"A brownish, hard, globular gall, from 7 to 10 mm. in diameter, 
issuing, usually several together, from a fissure in a twig of Quercus 
imbricaria and Q. nana. The larval cell is nearly always closely cemented 
to the thick, hard, outer rind, but in a single instance there are a few fibers 
separating it." "Reared Sept. and Oct." Found here on scrub oak, Q. 
nana. 
Andricus ventricosus Bassett. Fig. 49-50. 

Cynips quercus-ventricosa Bassett, Proc Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 681. 

Packard, 5th rept. IT. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 114. (Op. cit., p. 105, as 
Andricus ventricosus.) 

Conical, rough, woody galls, the point sometimes prolonged into a 
recurved tip. In clusters, sometimes a dozen about the twig. When 
closely pressed together the shape is somewhat changed. 7-12 mm. long, 
3-7 mm. wide. Slightly pubescent. Deep red, becoming nearly black. 
One free, larval cell at the base. Galls collected in June, insect developed 
in October but does not emerge until spring. On scrub oak, Quercus nana. 

Callirhytis operator Osten Sacken. Fig. 47-48. 

Cynips quercus-operator Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc Phil., 1862. v. 1, p. 256-257: 1865, v. 4, p, 
341, 357. 



26 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Bassett, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1863, v. 2, p. 332-333; Can. ent., 1873, v. 5, 

p. 91-94; 1877, v. 9, p. 121. 
Riley, Amer. nat., 1873, v. 7, p. 519, note. 
Howard, Psyche, 1882, v. 3, p. 328-329. 
Packard, 5th rept. TJ. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 11. 
Andricus (Callirhytis) operator Bassett, Amer. nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 

Aslimead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 294. 
Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 105. 

This species was the one from which the combined observations of 
Bassett and Riley proved the interesting fact of alternating generations in 
Cynipidae. 

The spring form consists of a woolly mass on the staminate aments, 
2-4 cm. in diameter, dull yellow in color, from which emerge numerous 
insects of both sexes. The second form, producing an agamic female, 
consists of a monothalamous, irregular gall growing out from the cup and 
pressed close to the side of the acorn. Smooth, light brown, the larval 
cell nearly filling the gall. About 8 mm. long, 5 mm, wide. On scrub 
oak, Quercus nana. Spring form abundant and noticeable. 

Callirhytis palustris Osten Sacken. See p. 21-22. 

Callirhytis similis Bassett. Scrub-oak club-gall. Fig. 45. 

Cynips quercus-similis Bassett, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 685. 
Cynips similis Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 341. 
Andricus {Callirhytis) similis Bassett, Amer. nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 

Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 294. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 105. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 255, pi. 11, 
ng. 2. 

Club-shaped, woody gall at end of twig. Rather blunter than gall of 
Callirhytis clavula. Polythalamous. A few leaves grow from it. Green, 
turning brown ; surface looks as if covered with dust. 2-4 cm. long. 
Rather common on scrub oak, Quercus nana. 

Callirhytis tuberosa Bassett. 

Andricus (Callirhytis) tuberosa Bassett, Trans. Amer. ent, soc, 1900, v. 26, p. 311. 

A tuberous gall on one side or surrounding a young shoot near the tip. 
Smooth at first, but wrinkling and roughening later. The same color as 
the twig, quite green early in the season. 8-15 mm. long, 7-12 mm. wide ; 
rising abruptly from the twig. Monothalamous, the cell-walls 2-3 mm. 
thick ; corky, the bark showing distinctly. The white larvae have par- 
tially buried themselves in the wall in places. September. On scrub oak, 
Quercus nana. 

Cynips? aspera, n. s. Fig. 22, 42. 

An ovate, roughened, one-celled bud-gall, usually terminal and solitary, 
occasionally lateral, or in pairs. From the slightly prolonged tip run down 
two ridges nearly to the base of the slightly flattened, asymmetrical gall. 
About 12 mm. long, 7 mm. wide. Green, sometimes dotted with red. 
The larval cell is held in place by radiating fibers. On scrub oak, Quercus 
nana. September. 



Insect Galls. 27 

Cynips? cristata, n. s. See p. 24. 
Holcaspis fasciala Bassett. See p. 21. 

Quercus alba. 
Eriophyes querci Garni an. See p. 24. 
Cecidomyia? poculum Osten Sacken. Oak spangles. 

Cecidomyia poculum Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt., N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 201. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 271, pi. 15, fig. 4; 

Ins. galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 30, fig. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 69. 

Small, saucer-shaped galls on under side of leaf. 2-3 mm. in diameter. 
Red or violet with white bloom. On white oak, Quercus alba. Common. 
August and September. 

Andricus Jlocci Walsh. See p. 25. 

Andricus petiolicola Bassett. Oak petiole-gall. Fig. 55. 

Cynips quercus-petiolicola Bassett, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1863, v. 2, p. 325. 

Walsh, Proc. Ent, soc. Phil., 1864, v. 2, p. 487. 
Cynips petiolicola Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 339, 351, 379. 
Andricus petiolicola Bassett, Amer. nat.. 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 

Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 295. 

Gillette, Psyche, 1889, v. 5, p. 186. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comrn., 1890, p. 105. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 257, pi. 13, fig. 2. 

Cook, Ohio nat,, 1904, v. 4, p. 120, 126, 142, fig. 83, 103, 124. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 70. 

A woody, club-shaped gall on petiole or midrib of leaf. Polythala- 
mous. About 15 mm. in diameter. Green becoming brown. Common 
on white oak, Quercus alba, chestnut oak, Q. prinus and dwarf chestnut 
oak, Q. prinoides. 

Callirhytis claoula Osten Sacken. White-oak club-gall. 

Cynips qtiercus-tuber Bassett, Proc. Ent. soc Phil., 1864, v. 3, p 685-687; 1S85, v. 4, p. 351. 
Cynips clavula Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 351, 379. 
Andricus {Callirhytis) clavula Bassett, Amer. nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 

Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc , 1885, v. 12, p. 294. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comni., 1890, p. 105, 113. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 255-256, 
pi. 11, fig. 3. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1902, v. 2, p. 272, fig. 33; 1903, v. 3, p. 419. 

Jarvis, 38th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1907, p, 91, pi. C, fig. 3. 

Club-shaped woody gall at end of twigs. Sometimes leaves develop 
from the bud of which this gall is a malformation. Polythalamous, 2-4 
cm. long. Green occasionally faintly marked with red, turning brown. 
Common on white oak, Quercus alba. Insects from April to July. 

Callirhytis futilis Osten Sacken. Oak wart-gall. 

Cynips quercus -futilis Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1861, v. 1, p. 63-64. 
Cynips futilis Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 339, 352. 
Andricus futilis Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 379. 
Andricus {Callirhytis) futilis Bassett, Amer. nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 

Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 294. 

Gillette, Psyche, 1889, v. 5, p. 185. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 105. 



28 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Beuteniniiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 254; 

pi. 11, fig. 1. 
Jarvis, 38th arm. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1907, p. 89-90, pi. B, fig. 4. 
Callirhytis futffis Bassett, Psyche, 1S89, v. 5, p. 235-238. 

Rounded, projecting on both sides of the leaf. Thin-walled. Two 
or more larval cells held in center by radiating fibers. Light green. 
About 7 nun. in diameter. Very common on white oak, Quercus alba. 
Insects emerge in June. 
Callirhytis seminator Harris. Oak seed-gall. 

Cynips seminator Harris, Rept. ins. Mass. in]", veg., 1841, p. 399; Treat, ins. N. E. inj. veg., 1842, 
p. 399; same, 1852, p. 434; Treat, ins. inj. veg. (Flint ed.), 1862, p. 548. 
Fitch, 5th rept ins. N. Y. for 1858, 1859, p. ,813. 

Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1861, v. 1, p. 69; 1865, v. 4, p. 339, 351. 
Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 250, fig. 187; 1870, v. 2, p. 71, fig. 45. 
Andricus seminator Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 379. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1903, v. 3, p. 420, fig. 35-36; 1904, v. 4, p. 144, fig. 131. 
Andricus (Callirhytis} seminator Bassett, Amer. nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 

Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 294. 
Packard, 5th rept. TJ. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 105, 112. 
Gillette, Psyche, 1889, v. 5, p. 185. 
Callirhytis seminator Beutenmuller, Psyche, 1908, v. 15, p. 10. 

These small seed-like monothalamous galls are massed together on the 
twig and covered with fibers forming a mass 15-45 mm. in diameter. 
White dotted with red when young, turning brown in the fall. On white 
oak, Quercus alba. Common. Insect in early summer. 

Cynips strobilana Osten Sacken. Pine-cone oak-gall. 

Cynips quercus-strobilana Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1862, v. 1, p. 254. 
Cynips strobilana Beutenmuller, Ins. galls vicin. ST. Y., 1904, p. 18, fig. 33. 

A cluster of monothalamous galls so crowded together as to become 
pointed below, forming a subglobular mass, about a common center on the 
twio\ Woody, corky within. Brown. Rare. On white oak, Quercus 
alba. Reported from Q. platanoides. September. 

Acraspis pezomachoides Osten Sacken. Oak pea-gall. 

Cynips pezomachoides Osten Sacken, l'roc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1862, v. 1, p. 250; 1865, v. 4, p. 352. 
Acraspis pezomachoides Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 303. 
Cynips pisum Fitch is a guest-fly of Acraspis pezomachoides, and Fitch described the gall 
under the name of the guest-fly : 5th rept. ins. N. Y. for 1858, 1859, p. 818. 
To this the following references may he added: 
Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1861, v. 1, p. 59; 1865, v 4, p 352. 
Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 258-259; Ins. galls vie. 

N. Y., 1904, p. 18, fig. 
Cook, 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 1905, p. 840. 

Spherical gall with rough or netted surface, with slight elevations. 
Usually two-celled, sometimes as many as six or even eight cells (Ash- 
mead). From 3 to 6 mm. in diameter. Green becoming light brown. 
Easily separated from the leaf. Common on under, sometimes on upper, 
side of leaf of white oak, Quercus alba. 

XantJwteras forticornis Walsh. Oak fig-gall. 

Cynips quercus- forticornis Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 2, p. 490. 

Cynips forticornis Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 251. 

Teras forticornis Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 379. 

Cynips quercus-ficus Packard (not Fitch), Packard, 5th rept. TJ. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 111. 



Insect Galls. 29 

BiorMza forticornis Bassett, Amer. nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 346. 

Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 296. 

Gillette, Psyche, 1889, v. 5, p. 186. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 106. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 259, pi. 13, fig. 3. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 142, fig. 126. 

Jarvis, 38th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1907, p. 90, fig. 
Xunthoteras forticornis Ashmead, Psyche, 1903, v. 10, p. 149. 

Many of these galls are pressed together so closely on the twig as to 
lose all normal form, becoming flattened. Thin-walled, one-celled, the 
larval cell held in place by radiating fibers. Yellow, sometimes with red 
sides, turning brown. Common on white oak, Quercus alba. Insects 
emerged from July 1 to 13. 

Holcaspis globulus Fitch. Bullet gall. 

Cattaspidia globulus Fitch, 5th rept. ins. N. T., for 1858, 1S59, p. 811. 

Packard, 5th rept. 17. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 106, 111. 
Cynips quercus-globulus Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1861, v. 1, p. 67. 

Bassett, Proc. JEnt. soc. Phil., 1863, v. 2, p. 328. 
Cynips globulus Osten Sacken,. Proc. Ent soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 339, 350. 
Holcaspis globulus Bassett, Amer. nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 
Gillette, Psyche, 1889, v. 5, p. 187. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist , 1892, v. 4, p. 260, pi. 12, fig. 4. 
Ashmead, I'syehe, 1903, v. 10, p. 153. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1903, v. 3, p. 419, fig. 34: 1904, v. 4, p. 127, fig. 109; p. 143, fig. 

128; 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f . 1904, 1905, p. 

835, fig. 27. 

Cynips oneratus Harris (now known as Syn'ergus oneratus) is a guest-tiy of Holcaspis globulus, 

and Harris descrihed the gall under the name of the guest-fly: 

Rept. ins. Mass. inj. veg., 1841, p. 398; Treat, ins. N. E. inj. veg., 1842, 

p. 39S; same, 1852, p. 434; Treat, ins. inj. veg. (Flint ed.), 1862, p. 548. 

Spherical, smooth, corky, monothalamous galls on twigs. Two or 
three in a cluster, 10-15 mm. in diameter. Yellow with red tints, turning- 
brown when mature. Larval cell oval with thin shell. Common on white 
oak, Quercus alba. Insects emerge in November. 

Neuroterus batatas Fitch. Oak potato-gall. 

Cynips quercus-batatus Fitch, 5th rept. ins. N. Y. for 1858, 1859, p. 810. 

Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soe. Phil., 1861, v. 1, p. 71; 1864, v. 4, p. 340, 353. 
Bassett, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 6S4. 
Neuroterus batatus Bassett, Amer. nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 

Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p 296. 
Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 11, 107, 111, 113. 
Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist,, 1892, v. 4, p. 262, pi. 13, fig. 1. 

Irregular, "potato-shape," hard, woody, polythalamous gall, some- 
times 6 or 7 cm. long by 2-3 cm. thick. Reddish brown with pale blue 
bloom. Common on twigs of white oak, Quercus alba. Insects emerge 
in May or June. 

Neuroterus exiguissimus Bassett. Fig. 51. 

Xeuroterus exiguissimus Bassett, Trans. Amer. Eut. soc, 1900, v. 26, p. 332-333. 

A hairy gall on under side of leaf along the veins with a slight eleva- 
tion above. Monothalamous. Leaves usually deformed. About 2 mm. 
Much like the gall of Neuroterus floccosus on Quercus platanokles. On 
white oak, Quercus alba. August. 



30 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Neuroterus vesiculus Bassett. 

Cynips vesiculus Bassett, Can. erit., 1881, v. 13, p. 97-98. 

Neuroterus vesicula Bassett, Amer, nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 

Neuroterus vesiculus Packard, 5th rept. TJ. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 107, 109. 

A monothalarnous, subglobular gall appearing late in the fall in the 
center of a bud at or near the tip of the twig. Slightly corrugated, with 
a small projecting tip. Of the color of the bud. Cell comparatively 
large. Develops rapidly in the following spring. On white oak, Quercus 
alba. Rare. 

Cynips? sp. 

A monothalarnous cynipid gall is common on the under side of the 
leaves of the white oak, occurring singly. It is spherical, covered with 
dense pubescence. Color yellow, often with a rosy tinge. Diameter 3-8 
mm. Falls to the ground during the last half of September. (This gall 
resembles closely that of Cynips prinoides Beutenmiiller, which occurs on 
Quercus prinoides, but the latter usually is on the upper surface of the 
leaf.) 

Quercus platanoides. 

Cynips strobilana Osten Sacken. See p. 28. 

Halcaspis duricoria Bassett. Pointed bullet-gall. Fig. 58. 

Holcaspis duricoria Bassett, Trans. Arner. ent. soc, 1890, v. 17, p. 64-65. 
Bassett, Amer. nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 
Gillette, Psyche, 1889, v. 5, p. 187. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 261, pi. 12, fig. 5. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 71. 

Globular -with short point at apex. Somewhat rough, woody, mono- 
thalarnous galls. Larval cell oval with rather thin shell. 10-15 mm. in 
diameter. Yellow with tint of red, turning brown when mature. Singly, 
or in groups, on twigs of swamp white oak, Quercus platanoides. Insects 
emerge in November. 
Neuroterus Jloccosus Bassett. Oak flake-gall. 

Cynips floccosa Bassett, Can. ent., 1881, v. 13, p. 111. 
Neuroterus Jloccosus Bassett, Amer. nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 

Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 296. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 262, pi. 12, fig. 2; 
Ins. galls vicin. ST. Y., 1904, p. 22, fig. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 71. 

Hemispherical, hairy monothalarnous galls on under side of leaf. 
Found in numbers. Upper side of leaf reveals their presence by smooth 
blister-like projections. About 3 mm. in diameter including hairs. Hairs 
white. On swamp white oak, Quercus platanoides. Insects emerge in 
the succeeding spring. 

Neuroterus noxiosus Bassett. Noxious oak-gall. 

Cynips noxiosa Bassett, Can. ent., 1881, v. 13, p. 108. 
Neuroterus noxiosus Bassett, Amer. nat., 1882, v. 16, p. 246. 

Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 296. 

Gillette, Psyche, 18S9, v. 5, p. 187. 

Packard, 5th rept. TJ. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 107. 

Beutenmiiller, Ins. galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 21, fig. 42. 



Insect Galls. 31 

Irregular, rounded, woody, polythalamous twig gall. Sometimes 
quite small, sometimes almost 10 cm. long. Common on swamp white 
oak, Quercus platanoides. Bassett says that only females emerge before 
leaves appear in the succeeding spring. These females produce a vernal 
crop of green, smooth grape-like galls on leaves of same oak. From these 
galls about June 20 emerge great numbers of male and female flies the 
bisexual generation. 

Quercus prinus. 
Eriophyes querci Garman. See p. 24. 
Andricus petiolicola Bassett. See p. 27. 
Callirhytis papillata Osten Sacken. Oak nipple-gall. 

Cynips quercus-papillata Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 186], v. 1, p. 64-65. 
Cynips papillata Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 352. 
Andricus papillata Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 379. 
Andricus ( Callirhytis) papillata Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1885, v. 12, p. 295. 
Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm. 1890, p. 105. 
Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 255; 
Ins. galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 14. fig. 
Callirhytis papillatus Cook, Ohio nat., 1902, v. 2, p. 269, fig. 30; 1903, v. 3, p. 427, fig. 64; 1904, v. 4, 
p. 119, 120, 124, 126-127, 141, fig. 81, 107-108. 

Rounded, highest at middle, projecting on both sides of the leaf. 
Light green, surrounded on the under side by a reddish ring. Two or 
more larval cells are held in place by radiating fibers. Rather common 
on chestnut oak, Quercus prinus. Insect in June. 

Quercus prinoides. 
Eriophyes querci Garman. See p. 24. 
Andricus petiolicola Bassett. See p. 27. 
Cynips caducus. Fig. 58. 

Cynips caducus Walsh, according to Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 115. 

A spherical gall occurring in clusters on midrib on under side of the 
leaf. 2-5 mm. in diameter. Sometimes so crowded as to lose their shape. 
One-celled. Falling from the leaf, the larvae change on the ground. On 
dwarf chestnut oak, Quercus prinoides. Cited from other oaks. August. 

Cynips frondosa Bassett. Leafy oak-gall. Fig. 57. 

Cynips quercus-frondosa Bassett, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 688-689. 

Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 350, 361. 

Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 2, p. 25, fig. 20; p. 72-73, fig. 46. 

This gall is formed by the development of a leaf bud, in the fall instead 
of the following spring. The leaves grow in a crowded mass and attain 
about one fifth their normal length and breadth. Monothalamous. Color 
the same as normal leaves. On dwarf chestnut oak, Quercus prinoides. 

Cynips prinoides Beuteumiiller. Spring oak-gall. Fig. 59. 

Cynips prinoides Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 257, pi. 11. fig. 6; Ins 
galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 17, fig. 



32 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

A rough, globular gall on the upper side of the leaf. Hard, woody, 
one-celled. Green with red tint, becoming brown. About 1 cm. in 
diameter. On dwarf chestnut oak, Quercus prinoides. 

Holcaspis rugosa Bassett. Fig. 56. 

Gynips rugosa Bassett, Can. ent., 1881, v. 13, p. 100. 
Holcaspis rugosa Gillette, Psyche, 1889, v. 5. p. 187. 

Round, somewhat roughened, woody galls on branch of dwarf chestnut 
oak, Quercus prinoides. Frequently several are so crowded as to lose the 
spherical shape. Green with red side when young, turning brown. Free 
larval cell surrounded by brown hard-spongy mass. Diameter about 10- 
12 mm. Insects emerge in the fall. 

URTICALES. 

ULMACBAB. 

Ulmus americana. 

Eriophyes uhni Garman. Elm mite-gall. Fig. 61. 

Phytoptus ulmi Garman, 12th rept state ent. 111., 1883, p. 136. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 281-282. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1902, v. 2, fig. 8; 1904, v. 4, p. 117. 
Eriophyes ulmi Cook, 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f . 1904, 1905, p. 861. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 59, pi. B, fig. 5. 

A small globular gall on the upper surface of the leaf. The neck 
constricted somewhat. Not common. On elm, Ulmus americana. 

Schizoneura americana Riley. Elm-leaf louse-gall. 

Schizoneura americana Riley, Bull. U. S. geol. and geog. surv. terr., 1879, v. 5, p. 4-9, pi. 1, fig. 1. 
Oestlund, Bull. 4, Geol. and nat. hist. surv. Minn., 1887, p. 27. 
Packard, 5th rept. IT. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 279. 

Cook, 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f . 1904, 1905, p. 851. 
Houard, Les Zoocecidies des plantes d'Europe, 1908, p. 364. 

A gall which is simply a wrinkling and rolling of the leaf, caused by 
the attacks of the insects on the under side of the leaf. White elm, 

Ulmus americana. Common. 

Colopha ulmicola Fitch. Cock's-comb elm-gall. 

Byrsocrypta ulmicola Fitch, 5th rept. ins. N. Y. for 1858, 1S59, p. 843. 
Thelaxes ulmicola Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1862, v. 1, p. 305. 

Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 108-109, fig. 90. 
Pemphigus ulmicola Packard, Guide study ins., 1869, p. 524, fig. 525. 
Colopha ulmicola Monell, Can. ent., 1877, v 9, p. 102-103. 

Riley, Bull. IT. S. geol. and geog. surv. terr., 1879, v. 5, p. 9-13, pi. 1, fig. 2. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1902, v. 2, p. 265, fig. 13; 1903, v. 3, p. 425, fig. 50; 1904, p. 118, 
125, 130. 

Beutenmiiller, Ins. galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 37, fig. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 63-64, pi. C, fig. 5. 
Glyphina ulmicola Thomas, Trans. Dept. agr. 111., f . 1878, 1879, n. s., v. 8 (Thomas, 3d rept. 
ins. 111.), p. 142. 

This gall consists of a cock's-comb-shaped pouch on the upper side of 
the leaf of white elm, Ulmus americana. Early summer. Common. 
Undetermined gall. 

A monothalamous, subglobular gall at union of blade and petiole. 
Rough, rather thick-walled, brown. About 7 mm. in diameter. One 
specimen. On elm, Ulmus americana. 



Insect Galls. 33 

Ulmus fulva. 
Pemphigus fusus Walsh and Riley. Elm spindle-gall. Fig. 60. 

Pemphigus ulmi-fusus Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 109. 

Cook, Ohio nat, 19*62, v. 2, p. 265, fig. 14; 1903, v. 3, p. 425, fig. 49; 29th arm. 
rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 1905, p. S49. 

A spindle-shaped, hollow gall on the upper side of the leaf with the 
opening below. Varying in size, about 15 mm. long. Not common. On 
slippery elm, Ulmus fulva. Summer. 

Celtis occidentalis. 
Pachypsylla cucurbita Riley. Hackberry melon-gall. 

Pachypsylla celtidis-cucurbita Riley, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 1S90, p. 621-622. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 276, pi. 16, 
fig. 2. 

An oval gall with truncated apex and concave above with a small 
nipple. Usually on under side of the- leaf. About 2 mm, in diameter at 
base, 4 mm. in height. On the upper side of the leaf there is a cup-shaped 
depression. Color yellow green. On the hackberry, Celtis occidentalis. 

Pachypsylla mamma Riley. ' 

PachypstjUa celt id is -mamma Riley, Johnson's universal cyclop., 1876, p. 425; Proc. Biol, soc. 

Wash., 1S84, v. 2, p. 73-75; 5th rept. IT. S. emt. comm., 1890, 

p. 619-620, fig. 202-203. 
Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. nms. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 275; Ins. 

galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 35-36, fig. 
€ook, Ohio nat., 1903, v. 3, p. 426, fig. 59-60; 29th aim. rept Dept. 

geol. and nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 1905, p. 845, fig. 37. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 65. 

A nearly cylindrical gall on the under side of the leaf, with the apex 
rounded. A cup-shaped depression on the upper side shows presence of 
the gall. Varying considerably in size, about 7 mm. high, o mm. in 
diameter. Color yellow green. Very abundant on hackberry, Celtis 
occidentalis. 
Pachypsylla vesicidum Riley. Hackberry blister-gall. 

Pachypsylla celtid is-resio/lum Riley, 5th rept. U". S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 618. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1S92, v. 4, p. 275; Ins- 
galls vicin. N: Y., 1904, p. 35, fig. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 65. 

A circular, blister-like gall. Slightly rounded above, beneath convex 
with a small central projection. Green. About 4-6 mm. in diameter. 
Numerous on the leaves of hackberry, Celtis occidentalis. 

MAGNOLIACEAE. 
Liriodendron tulipifera. 
Contarinia liriodendri Osten Sacken. Tulip-tree spot-gall. 

€ecidomj/ia liriodendri Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A. 1862, pt. 2. p. 202. 

Hagen, Can. ent., 1886, v. IS, p. 1.59. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist,, 1892. v. 4. p. 265; Ins. galls 
vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 25, fig. 
■Contarinia liriodendri Felt, 23d rept. ins X. Y. f. 1907, 1908, p. 383, 393. 

Circular brown spots with surrounding circle of yellow or light green, 
showing on both sides of the leaf, 1-3 mm. in diameter. Not uncommon 
on leaf of tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifera. 



34 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

RAN ALES. 

RANUNCULACEAE. 

Clematis virginiana. 
? Dasyneura clematidis Felt. Fig. 62. 

Dasyneura clematidis Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. f. 1907, 1908, p. 336, 344, 345. 

This gall (possibly of tbe above species) consists of an elliptical 
enlargement of the stem, between the nodes, about twice the normal 
diameter. The inside, pithy and much roughened, looks in places as if 
eaten or gnawed thin. A round hole is evidently an exit. On wild 
clematis, Clematis virginiana. 

ROSALES. 

GROSSULARIACEAE. 

Ribes rubrum. 

Myzus ribis Linne. Currant leaf gall. Fig. 63. 

Aphis ribis Linne, Syst. naturae, 1767,12th ed., v. 2, p. 733. 

Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 249. 
Myzus ribis Oestlnnd, Bull. 4, Geol. and nat. hist. surv. Minn., 1887, p. 74. 

' Lintner, 9th rept. ins. N. Y., 1893, p. 370-371. 

This gall consists merely of a wrinkling and pouching of the leaf. 
The insect acts on the under side of the leaf surrounded by the induced 
pubescence and the tissues increase so rapidly as to make the gall rise 
above. On currant, Ribes rubrum. Common, sometimes causing damage. 

HAMAMEL.IDACEAE. 
Hamamelis Virginiana. 
Hamamelistes spinosus Shimer. Spiny witch-hazel gall. 

Hamamelistes spinosus Shimer, Trans. Amer. ent. soc., 1867, v. 1, p. 284-285. 

Pergande, Bull. 9, tech. series, Div. ent., U. S. dept. agr., 1901, p. 25-44, 
fig. 12-23. 
Hormaphis spinosus Riley, Bull. IT. S. geol. and geog. surv. terr., 1879, v. 5, p. 14-15, pi. 2, fig. 4. 
Thomas, Trans. Dept. agr. 111., f. 1878, 1879, n. s., v. 8, (Thomas, 3d rept. 

ins. 111.), p. 207. 
Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 276, pi. 16, fig. 4; 

Ins. galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 37, fig. 
Cook, 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 1905, p. 847, 

fig. 39. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 64, pi. C, fig. 1. 
Hormaphis papyraceae Oestlund, Bull. 4, Geol. and nat. hist. surv. Minn., 1887, p. 19. 

A monothalamous, globular, spiny gall, which is a deformed fruit bud. 
The opening below, funnel-shaped. Spines long. Green, becoming 
nearly black. Common on witch hazel, Hamamelis virginiana. Pergande 
gives a full account of the life history, with the generations found on the 
birch leaf, in this region on black birch, Betula lenta. 

Hormaphis hamamelidis Fitch. Witch-hazel cone-gall. 

Byrsocrypta hamamelidis Fitch, 4th ann. rept. regents Univ. state of N. Y. on State cabinet 

nat. hist., 1851, p. 69. 
Hormaphis hamamelidis Osten Sacken, Stettin ent. ztg., 1861, p. 422. (Translation by Walsh, 
Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1866-1867, v. 6, p. 281.) 



Insect Galls. 35 

Thomas, Trans. Dept. agr. 111., f. 1878, 1879, n. s., v. 8, (Thomas, 3d 

rept. ins. 111.), p. 199. 
Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, p. 276, pi. 16, fig. 5; 

Ins. galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 36, fig. 
Pergande, Bull. 9, tech. series, Div. ent., U. S. dept. agr., 1901, p. 7-25, 

fig. 1-11. 
Cook, 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. hist. res. Indiana f. 1904, 

1905, p. 845-846, fig. 38. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 64, pi. C, fig. 2. 
Hamamelistes cornu Shinier, Trans. Amer. ent. soc., 1867, v. 1, p. 283. 

A conical, monothalamous gall on the upper side of the leaf with the 
opening underneath. Very common on witch hazel, Hamamelis virginiana. 

ROSACEAE. 
Spiraea salicifolia. 

Cecidomyia? lappa, n. s. 

Terminal mass of brown or, when quite young, green, mossy in 
appearance, strongly resembling Rhodites rosae, but coarser. Each gall 
consists of an undeveloped bud, the leaves of which have the tips much 
elongated. The central cavity is enclosed by the overlapping leaves. 
Not rare. On meadow-sweet, Spiraea salicifolia. 

Cecidomyia salicifoliae Osten Sacken. Meadow-sweet pod-gall. Fig. 64. 

Cecidomyia salicifoliae Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1866, v. 6, p. 220. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 68; 38th ann. rept. . . . 
1907, p. 88. 

A pod-like gall formed by folding of the leaf along the midrib, lower 
side out, the edges united and the blade bulging out, the sac curving 
usually with midrib on convex side. 7-8 mm. long. Brown, with the 
pubescence of the under side of the leaf. On hard hack, Spiraea tomentosa. 
Not rare. Summer. 

Same on Spiraea salicifolia, from which it was first described. 
Smooth instead of pubescent. 

Spiraea tomentosa. 

Cecidomyia salicifoliae Osten Sacken. See above. 

Rubus nigrobaccus. 

Cecidomyia? muscosa n. s. Mossy leafy -gall of blackberry. Fig. 66. 
A subglobular gall, covered densely with filaments, making a mass 
about 1 cm. in diameter. Green turning light brown. Polythalamous. 
Found in Aug. 1900 on blackberry, Rubus nigrobaccus, some at union of 
leaflets, some on midvein. 

Lasioptera farinosa Osten Sacken. Fig. 65. 

Lasiopterafarinosa Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 204. 
Smith, Insect life, 1891, v. 4, p. 30. 
Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 273; op. tit., 1907, v. 

23, p. 397-398, pi. 15, fig. 12-13. 
Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. 1. 1907, 1908, p. 321, 323, 325. 

Irregular, rounded, roughened galls on midrib or at base of leaflets. 
Woody, polythalamous. Sometimes several apparently confluent. About 



36' Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

7 mm. In diameter. Green, becoming brown early. On high blackberry, 
Rub us nigrobaccus-. 

Lasioptera nodulosa Beutenmiiller. 

Lusioptera nodulosa Bent., Bull. Amer. riius. nat. hist., 1907, v. 23, p. 397 T pi. 15, fig. 5-6. 
Felt, 23d rept. Ins. N. Y. f. 1907, 1908, p. 321, 325. 

"■Knot-like or gouty, elongate or rounded swelling on terminal branches 
of blackberry, Rubus nigrobaccus. Often several galls on a single twig. 
Elongate chamber inhabited by a single larva which transforms in the gall, 
and emerges in May or June." 

Diastrophus cuscutaeformis Osten Sacken. Blackberry seed-gall. Fig. 68. 

Diastrophus cuscutaeformis Osten Sacken, Proc. £nt. soc. Phil., 1863,. v. 2, p. 33-34, 39-40. 
Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v.l, p. 188. 
Beutenmiiller, Hull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 249, pi. 10, 

fig. 1. 
Jarvis, 38th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1907, p. 89. 

Small subglobular galls, many crowded together along and around the 
stem of the blackberry. Monothalamous, Same color as stem. Each 
bears one (or sometimes more) spines, some rather stiff, others filamen- 
tous. On high blackberry,' Rubus nigrobaccus. Rather common. 

Diastrophus nebnlosus Osten Sacken. Blackberry knot-gall. Fig. 67. 

Diastrophus-nebulos-us Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. I'hil., 1863, v. 2, p. 36-39. 
Riley, Pract. ent., 1867, v. 2, p. 83, 84. 
Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. J, p. 188. 
Riley, Amer. ent., 1870, v. 2, p 159-160, fig. 103. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 249, pi. 10. fig. 2. 
Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 119, 143, fig. 129. 

A large oblong pithy gall on stem, furrowed lengthwise, abrupt from 
union with stem. Polythalamous. Green, changing more or less com- 
pletely to red-brown when old. On stems of high blackberry, Rubus 
nigrobaccus. Common. Insects emerge the following spring. 

Rubus procumbens. 
Diastrophus bassettii Beutenmiiller. Bassett's blackberry gall. Fig. 69-70. 

Diastroplvus bassettii Beutenmiiller, Hull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 248-249, pi. 9, fig. 7. 

A subspherieal red-brown gall, sometimes with considerable green. 
Pithy, polythalamous, 8-12 mm. in diameter. Quite common at base of 
stem of running blackberry, Rubus procumbens, and swamp blackberry. 
R. hispiclvs. 

Rubus hispidus. 

Diastrophus bassettii Beutenmiiller. See above. 

Fragaria virginiana. 
Cecidomyia? reniformis, n. s. Fig. 71-72. 

A polythalamous gall, somewhat reniform, attached by end or side to 
base of petiole of strawberry, Fragaria virginiana, so close to the ground 
as to usually escape observation. 8-21 mm. long b} 7 11-20 mm. thick. 
The color is like that of the petiole. Light-colored pith in which are im- 
bedded the spherical hard-walled cells, each containing one or occasionally 
two larvae. 



Insect Galls. 37 

Potentilla canadensis. 
Cecidomyia? potentillaecaulis, n. s. 

This gall consists of the much enlarged internodal space of stem. 
Apparently one-celled, altho with several longitudinal cavities not con- 
nected with main cell. Outside surface and color like remainder of the stem. 
One specimen. September. On cinquefoil, Potentilla canadensis. 

Gonaspis potent illae Bassett. Cinquefoil axil-gall. 

Diastroplius potentillae Bassett, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 689- 690. 

Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 4, p. 361. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 120, fig.' 87. 

Jarvis, 38th ami. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1907, p. SS, pi. B, fig. 5. 
Gonaspis potentillae Ashniead, Psyche, 1897, v. 8, p. 68. 

A subspherical gall in axil of leaf of Potentilla canadensis. 8-11 mm. 
in diameter. Monothalamous. Green with sometimes a tinge of red, 
turning brown in autumn. Common. Insect emerges the following spring. 

Rosa. 
Rhodites bicolor Harris. Spiny rose-gall. 

Ci/nips bicolor Harris, Rept. ins. Mass. inj. veg., 1841, p. 399; Treat, ins. N. E. inj. veg., 1842, p. 

399; same, 1852. p. 435; Treat, ins. inj. veg. (Flint ed.), 1862, p. 548-549. 
Rhodites bicolor Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1863, v. 2, p. 43, 48-49. 

Riley, Amer. ent., 1870, v. 2, p. 246, 309, fig. 192. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus.. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 246, pi. 9, fig. 1. 

Townsend, Psyche, 1895, v. 7, p. 272, 307. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 123, 141, fig. 120. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 70, pi. E, fig. 2. 

Spherical, 10-14 mm. in diameter, covered with long spines. Mono- 
thalamous. In summer green with tinge of red usually, brown later. 
Frequently deforms the whole leaf of wild roses, Rosa, several species. 
Common. Insect emerges in late summer. 

Rhodites dichlocerus Harris. Long rose-gall. 

Cynips dichlocerus Harris, Rept. ins. Mass. inj. veg., 1841, p. 399-400; Treat, ins X. E. inj. veg., 
1842, p. 399-400; same, 1852, p. 435; Treat, ins. inj. veg. (Flint ed.), 
1862, p. 549, pi. 8, fig. 6-8. 
Rhodites dichlocerus Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1863, v. 2, p. 41, 46. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 247, pi. 9, fig. 5. 
Diastrophus dichlocerus Beutenmuller, Psyche, 1908, v. 15, p. 10. 

Woody, elongated, roughened gall, tapering to union with stem. 
Polythalamous. About 2-3 cm. long; 1 cm. wide. On stem of several 
species of wild rose, Rosa. 

Rhodites ignota Osten Sacken. Mealy rose-gall. Fig. 73. 

Rhodites ignota Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1863, v. 2, p. 43, 49. 

Beutenmuller, Bull, Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 246, pi. 9, fig. 2. 

A spherical woody gall covered with white mealy substance. From 
5-8 mm. in diameter. Sometimes two or more galls grow together. One 
or several on leaves of wild roses. Common. 

Rhodites lenticularis Bassett. Rose lentil-gall. Fig. 77. 

Rhodites lenticularis Bassett, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1890, v. 17, p. 59-60. 
Beutenmiiller, Ins. galls vie. N. Y., 1904, p. 8, fig. 
Jarvis, 38th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1907, p. 89. 



38 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

A disc-shaped gall of the color of the leaf in which it is found ; some- 
times lighter colored. About 6 mm. in diameter and 2 mm. in thickness. 
Monothalamous. Abundant in some localities. On several species of 
rose, Rosa. 
Rhodites multispinosus Gillette. Large spiny rose-gall. Fig. 76. 

Rhodites multispinosus Gillette, Bull. 7, Iowa agr. exp. sta., 1889, p. 284. 

Jarvis, 38th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1907, p. 88, pi. B, fig. 3. 

Oblong or ovate, on stem. 25-50 mm. long; 16-25 mm. thick, and 
clothed with numerous prickles about 8 mm. long. Light brown, becoming 
gray later. Surface sometimes rough, with depressions and elevations. 
In emergence the insects make 30-50 round holes about 1.5 mm. in diame- 
ter. Polythalamous. On wild rose, Rosa. 

Rhodites radicum Osten Sacken. Rose root-gall. 

Rhodites radicum Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1863, v. 2, p. 42, 46-47. 
Walsh, Pract. ent., 1866, v. 1, p. 114. 

Beutenmuller, Bull, Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 246, pi. 9, fig. .3. 
Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 123. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 70. 

A large, irregular, red-brown gall with smooth surface. Polythalamous. 
5-8 cm. in diameter. With deep indentation where it is attached to the 
root of wild roses. May be common, as some report, but not frequently 
seen, from its position. On Rosa, several species. Insects emerged April 
28. From a single specimen in my collection insects emerged about a year 
after it was sent to me. 

Rhodites verna Osten Sacken. Knotty rose-gall. Fig. 74. 

Rhodites verna Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1863, v. 2, p. 41, 47-48. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 248, pi. 9, fig. 6. 

Usually several rounded galls, running together, forming an elongated, 
knotty mass along the stem. Woody, tinged with red. Polythalamous. 
On several species of wild rose, Rosa. 

Rosa Carolina. 
Rhodites globulus Beutenmuller. Globular rose-gall. 

Without name, Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1863, v. 2, p. 42. 

Rhodites globulus Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 247, pi. 9, rig. 4. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 123. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 70, pi. E, fig. 4. 

A smooth, irregularly rounded, brown gall, sharply contracted at its 
union with the stem. Pithy, polythalamous. About 2 by 3 cm. On 
swamp rose, Rosa Carolina. 

Rhodites sphaericus, n. s. Fig. 75. 

A spherical hard gall attached to either side of the leaflet by a single 
point. Rough, veiny surface. About 5 mm. in diameter. Filled by a 
dozen or more larval cells, each with woody walls. Brown. On swamp 
rose, Rosa Carolina. September. 



Insect Galls. 39 

Rosa rubiginosa. 
Rhodites rosae Linnaeus. Mossy rose-gall. Bedeguar gall. 

Cynips rosae Linnaeus, Syst. nat., 12th ed. 1767, v. 2, p. 917. 
Rhodites rosae Osten Sacken, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil. 1863, v. 2, p. 47. 

Jarvis, 37th aim. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 70, pi. D. fig. 4. 
There are numerous references to this gall in European publications, as it occurs in 
Europe. 

A conspicuous mass formed by several hard cells around the stem, and 
covered with long filaments, mostly green but frequently strongly tinged 
with red. Brown and persistent in winter. Common on sweetbrier rose, 
Rosa rubiginosa. Insects emerge in June. 

Amelanchier canadensis. 
Eriophyes amelanchieri n. s. June-berry mite-gall. Fig. 78. 

These rounded galls occur in great numbers upon the leaves. On the 
upper side they are globular, below they open by a prolonged tube which 
on maturity splits in two at the end, allowing the insect to emerge. 
Usually red above, light yellow-green below. About 2 mm. above, 1-8 
mm. below. On June-berry, Amelanchier canadensis, June. 

Crataegus. 
Cecidomyia bedeguar Walsh. Tufted thorn-gall. Fig. 80. 

Cecidomyia crataegi-bedeguar Walsh, Can. ent., 1869, v-. 1, p. 79-80. 
Cecidomyia bedeguar, Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 67. 

A polythalamous gall found along the veins, several on a leaf. Below 
hemispherical, opening above. The upper side more conspicuous, as the 
opening is surrounded by dense tufts of finely branched projections brown- 
er than the leaf. Under side light green-yellow. Pithy, about 4 mm. in 
diameter below, 6-10 mm. above. Not rare. On leaves of Crataegus sp. 
June. 
Cecidomyia? venae, n. s. Fig. 79. 

An irregularly oval fleshy gall on midribs or chief veins, above or 
below, opening by a slit on opposite side, retaining marks of vein along 
length; contracted towards ends so running out to substance of vein. 
5-8 mm. long. Color yellow, sometimes with red tinge. Slightly to 
densely pubescent. June and later. Several on one leaf. Two or more 
larvae in a cell. On thorn, Crataegus. 

Undetermined gall. 

An irregular rounded polythalamous gall at base of thorns, 5-10 mm. 
long, color of bark. Spongy within, dark red-brown, with fibers at right 
angles to surface. Several on thorn, Crataegus sp. 

DRUPACBAB. 
Prunus virginiana. 

Cecidomyia? racemi, n. s. Fig. 81. 

An elliptical, polythalamous gall, consisting of a swelling of the axis 
of raceme of choke-cherry, Prunus virginiana, 27 mm. long, 10 mm. wide 



40 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

in widest part, tapering gradually to either end. Green, turning brown 
upon maturity. No distinct larval cells, but inside pithy with borings in 
various directions. July. 

Contarinia virginiana Felt. Cherry pocket-gall. Fig. 82. 

Cecidomyia virginiana Felt. 21st rept. ins. N. Y. f. 1905, 1906, p. 130-131. 

Cecidomyid larva, Lintner, Bull. 6, n. s., Div. ent. U. S. Dept. agr., 1896, p. 57-58; same 12th rept. 

ins. N. Y., f. 1896, 1897, p. 313. 
Cecidomyia sp., Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 116, fig. 75. 

Cecidomyia, virginiana Jarvis, 37th aim. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 67. 
Contarinia virginianiae Pelt, 23 rept. ins. N. Y. f . 1907, 1908, p. 383, 392. 

A malformation of the fruit. The stone is absent and the fruit en- 
larged and elongated. 1 cm. long, 5 mm. wide; walls 1.5 mm. thick. 
Monothalamous. Larvae leave the gall in June or July. On Primus 
virginiana, choke cherry, common. In every one of large numbers 
examined the hole by which the insect left the gall was very close to the 
insertion of the stem. 

Primus serotina. 
Eriophyes serolinae Beutenmuller. Wild cherry pouch-gall. 

Acarus serotinae Beutenmuller, Bull, Amer. uras. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 278, pi. 16, fig. 7; Ins. 
galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 38, fig. 87. 
Cook, 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 1905, p. 858, 
fig. 49. 
Without scientific name, Buckhout, Proc. Amer. assoc. adv. sci. f. 1882, 1883, v. 31, p. 475. 

Hagen, Can. ent., 1885, v. 17, p. 27. 
Eriophyes serotinae Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Eut. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 61; prohahly as Eriophyes, 
sp., op. Git., 1907, p. 94. 

A pouch-like gall on upper side of the leaf, the neck constricted, the 
opening on under side of the leaf. 5-10 mm. long. Green or red. 
Common on wild cherry, Prunus serotina. 

Eriojyhyes padi, Nal., of cultivated cherry of Europe, seems identical. 
Compare C. Houard, Les Zoocecidies cles plantes d'Europe, 1908, p. 565. 

Cecidomyia serotinae Osten Sacken. Wild-cherry bud-gall. 

Cecidomyia serdtinae Osten Sacken, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1871, v. 3, p. 346-347. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 265; Ins. galls 

vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 25-26, fig. 
Cook, 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 1905, p. 83S. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 66. 

Club-shaped, fleshy enlargement of terminal bud, sometimes with one 
or two leaves growing out. Tip shows end of deformed leaves. About 
2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide. Bright red becoming brown in fall. Monothala- 
mous, containing several leaping larvae. Found in May. Common on 
black cherry, Prunus serotina. 

PAPILIONACBAE. 
Crotalaria sagittalis. 
Cecidomyia? crotalariae, n. s. Rattlebox stem-gall. Fig. 83. 

A fusiform swelling of the winged stem. Orange larvae, sometimes 
several in one gall. Often eaten into by the larva of Utetheisa bella (an 
arctiid moth) which devours the cecidomyid larvae. On rattlebox, Crota- 
laria sagittalis. Common. September. 



Insect Galls. 41 

Robinia pseudacacia. 
Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller. Locust twig-borer gall. Fig. 84. 

Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller, Verh. Zool.-bot. ges. Wien, 1875, v. 25, p. 266. 
Packard, 5th rept. TJ. S. ent. eomm, 1890, p. 359-360. 
Jarvis, 37th aim. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 65, pi. F, tig. 2. 

Swellings of twig, somewhat sticky on surface, with hole at base, 
through which castings fall. About 2 cm. long, 7-8 mm. thick. Larvae 
leave the gall about Oct. 1, spin thin cocoons among leaves on the ground ; 
the moth emerges late in October. On common locust, Robinia pseudacacia. 

SAPINDALES. 

ANAC ARDI ACE AE. 
Rhus hirta. 
Pemphigus rhois Fitch. Sumac tomato-gall. Fig. 87. 

Byrsocrypta rhois Fitch, Month, journ. N. Y. agr. soc. f. Aug., 1866, p. 73. 
Melaphis rhois Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1867, v. 6, p. 282. 
Pemphigus rhois Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 108, fig. 89. 

Packard, Guide study ins., 1S69, p. 524, fig. 523. 

Oestlund, Bull. 4, Geol. and nat. hist. surv. Minn., 1887, p. 23. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. nius. nat. hist., 1S92, v. 4, p. 277, pi. 16, fig. 6; Ins. 
galls vicin. N. Y.,1904, p. 37-38, fig. 84. 

Lmtner, 12th rept. ins. N. Y. f. 1896, 1897, p. 290-292, pi. 14, fig. 1. 

Cook, -Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 140, fig. 113. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 65. 

A smooth,. rounded hollow gall on the under side of the leaf, varying 
greatly in size. Color yellow -green with orange and much red. Insects 
fully grown in September. Not very common. On smooth sumac, Rhus 
glabra. Reported on Rhus hirta. 

Rhus glabra. 
Pemphigus rhois Fitch. See above. 

Rhus radicans. 
Eriophyes rhois, n. s. Poison ivy mite-gall. Fig. 88. 

Pht/toptus, sp., Garrnan, 12th rept. state ent. 111., 1883, p. 138. 

Eriophyes, sp., Cook, 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 1905, p. 862. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 60, pi. A, fig. 5. 
Without scientific nanie, Buckhout, Proc. Amer. assoc. adv. sci. f. 1882, 1883, v. 31, p. 476. 
Hagen, Can. ent., 1885, v. 17, p. 28. 

Corrugations upon the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf of poison 
ivy, Rhus radicans. These are pubescent with whitish hairs similar to 
those upon other parts of the leaf, but more plentiful upon the upper sur- 
face, and extremely so on the under side. The projections above are 
raised more and somewhat constricted at the point of attachment, some- 
what like the gall of Oolopha ulmicola. 

CELASTRACEAE. 
Celastrus scandens. 
Cecidomyia? celastri, n. s. Bittersweet root-gall. 

Irregular enlargement of roots of bittersweet, Celastrus scandens, some- 
what pear-shaped. Polythalamous. 25 mm. long, 10 mm. greatest diam- 



42 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

eter. Color as of the root, orange with traces of green. Pithy, soft. 

Contained small white larvae Sept. 1907. Cells well filled. 

ACERACBAE. 
Acer saccharinum. 
Eriophyes quadripedes Shinier. Silver maple mite-gall. 

Vasates quadripedes Shinier, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1869, v. 2, p. 319. 

Phytoptus quadripes Garman, 12th rept. state ent. 111., 1883, p. 135; Psyche, 1892, v. 6, p. 243. 

Packard, 5th rept. IT. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 422-423, fig. 154-155. 

Cook, Ohio, nat. 1902, v. 2, fig. 10; 1903, v. 3, p. 423, fig. 43. 
Eriophyes quadripes Cook, 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 1905, p. 860. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 59, pi. F, fig. 1. 

A small gall, ponch-like with constricted neck, on upper side of the 
leaf. Green, becoming dark violet and black. Common on silver maple, 
Acer saccharinum. 

Acer rubrum. 

Cecidomyia ocellaris Osten Sacken. Maple spot-gall. 

Cecidomyia ocellaris Osten Sacken in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 199. 
Sciara ocellaris Comstock, Rept. Comm. agric. f. 1881 and 1882, (1883). p. 202-204, pi. 17. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm. 1890, p. 411-412, pi. 38. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 273. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 141, fig. 119; 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. 
res. Indiana f. 1904, 1905, p. 843, fig. 35. 
Sciara ocellata Beutenmuller, Ins. galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 33, fig. 
Cecidomyia ocellata Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 66, pi. E, fig. 6. 

An eye-like spot, red center surrounded by yellow or green and this by 
red, 7 mm. in diameter, more or less. Larva probably drops to the 
ground to transform. Very common on leaves of red maple, Acer rubrum. 

Acer saccharum. 
Eriopliyes crumena Riley. 

Acarus aceris-crumena Riley, Amer. ent., 1870, v. 2, p. 339. 
Phytoptus acericola Garman, 12th Rept. state ent. 111., 1883, p. 135. 

Packard, 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm. 1890, p. 424. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1902, v. 2, fig. 11 ; 1903, v. 3, p. 423, fig. 45; 1904, v. 4, p. 118. 
Without scientific name, Buckhout, Proc. Amer. assoc. adv. sci. f . 1882, 1883, v. 31, p. 475. 
Eriophyes acericola Cook, 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f . 1904, 1905, p. 860. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 59. 

A tapering small gall on the upper side of the leaf. About 5 mm. long. 
Green or red. On sugar maple, Acer saccharum. 

Eriophyes rosea, Schult. Red frost gall of maple. 

Eriophyes, sp., Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 61, pi. B, fig. 1. 

These galls look like red frost on the upper side of the leaf, where they 
form clusters extending in the general direction of the smaller veins. An 
occasional solitary one shows a distinct pouch shape, somewhat constricted 
at the base. On sugar maple, Acer saccharum. Common. 

Undetermined gall. 

This gall consists of enlargement of the veins, swollen and fleshy below, 
opening by a slit above. Of very irregular length. Gaping widely when 
old. Not common. On sugar maple, Acer saccharum. 



Insect Galls. 43 

Acer spicatum. 

Eriophyes spicati, n. s. White frost gall of mountain maple. 

Without scientific name, Carman, Psyche, 1892, v. 6, p. 242. 
Eriophyes, sp., Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 62. 

The clusters of these galls are formed commonly in the angles of the 
veins on the under side of the leaf. Small, white. On mountain maple, 
Acer spicatum. Common. Russell and Mt. Holyoke, Mass. 

BALSAMINACEAB. 
Impatiens bifiora. 
Cecidomyia impatientis Osten Sacken. Touch-me-not gall. Fig. 85. 

Cecidomyia impatientis Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. X. A. 1862, pt. 1, p. 204. 
Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1S69, v. 2, p. 63, fig. 42. 
Beutenmtiller, Ins. galls vicin. N. T., 1904, p. 30, fig.; Bull. Amer. rnus. 
nat. hist., 1907, v. 23, p. 392, pi. 16, fig. 7-8. 

Polythalamous, spherical, smooth, juicy galls, apparently formed at 
base of flower. Extremely perishable. 5-8 mm. in diameter. Green, 
with darker markings occasionally. August on Impatiens biflora. 
Abundant but local. Larvae leave galls to pupate about September 1. 

Lasioptera impatientifolia Felt. Midrib gall on touch-me-not. Fig. 86. 

Without scientific name, Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 69. 

Lasioptera impatientifolia Felt, 22nd rept. ins. N. Y. f. 1906, 1907, p. 105-106; 23d rept, ins. N. Y. 

f . 1907, 1908, p. 320, 323, 324, 327. 
Cecidomyia impatientis Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 140, fig. 115. 

On petiole or midrib, on both sides. 1 cm. long, 4 mm. wide. Green, 
smooth, monothalamous, containing several larvae. On Impatiens biflora. 
Common. 

RHAMNALES. 
VITACEAE. 
Vitis. 
Phylloxera vitifoliae Fitch. Grape phylloxera gall. 

Pemphigus vitifoliae Fitch, Trans. N. Y. state agr. soc. f . 1854, 1855, v. 14, p. 862. (1st rept. ins. 

N. Y., 1855) 
Byrsocrypta vitifoliae Walsh, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1862, v. 1, p. 305. 
Phylloxera vastatrix Planchon, Conipt. rend. Acad. sci. Paris, 14 Sept, 1868. 

Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 248, fig. 184; v. 2, p. 61. 
Phylloxera vitifoliae Riley, 3d rept. ins. Mo., 1871, p. 84-96, fig. 39-40. 
Phylloxera vastatrix Riley, Repts. ins. Mo. : 4th, 1872, p. 55-70; 5th, 1873, p. 57-73; 6th, 1874, p. 30- 

86; 7th, 1875, p. 90-121; 8th, 1876, p. 157-168. Numerous figures. 
Phylloxera vastatrix Saunders, Can. ent,, 1882, v. 14, p. 121-128, fig. 14-19. 
Smith, Econ. ent., 1S96, p. 128-130, fig. 
Cook, 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f . 1904, 1905, p. 855- 

856, fig. 46-47. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept, Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 65. 
(The foregoing cites but few of the accounts, of this insect so very destructive to the 
vineyards of southern Europe. The European bibliography would itself fill a good-sized 
volume.) 

A small rough gall on either side of the leaf, usually, when present, in 
vast numbers. Another generation forms galls on the roots, causing con- 
siderable damage, especially in Europe. Common on wild and some 
cultivated grapes. 



44 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Lasioptera vitis Osten Sacken. Grape-vine tomato- gall. 

Lasioptera vitis Osten Sacken, in Loew'9 Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 202. 
Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 247, fig. 183. 
Riley, 5th rept. ins. Mo., 1S73, p. 117, flg. 

Williams, 8th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1877, p. 50, fig. 40. 
Reed, 13th ann. rept. Ent. soe. Ontario, 1882, p. 49, fig. 33. 
Saunders, Ins. inj. fruit, 1883, p. 294-295, fig. 306. 
Lintner, 4th rept. ins. X. Y.,1888, p. 63-67, fig. 29. 
Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 272. 
Felt, 23d rept. ins. ST. Y. f . 1907, 1908, p. 322, 323, 324. 

This gall consists of a bunch of swellings, very irregular as to size and 
shape, on new growth. Soft and juicy. Surface smooth, green with red 
tinge or all reel. Polythalamous. May and early June. Common on 
wild grapes. Larvae enter ground to pupate. Fly late in June. 

Vitis labrusca. 
Schizomyia pomum Walsh and Riley. Grape-vine apple-gall. Fig. 89. 

Cecidomyia vitis-pomum Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 106, fig. 85. 

Williams, Ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1877, p. 48-49, fig. 38. 
Schizomyia pomum Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. f. 1907, 1908, p. 374, 379. 

An irregular gall, apparently the deformation of a hud. Somewhat 
pointed at apex, flattened at base where attached. Ribbed slightly. 
Wooly pubescent. Polythalamous with larval cells arranged lengthwise 
in two "stories," pithy. About 2 cm. in diameter. Green, turning brown 
when mature. On northern fox -grape, Vitis labrusca. 

Vitis cordifolia. 
Schizomyia coryloides Walsh and Riley. Grape-vine filbert-gall. Fig. 90. 

Cecidomyia vitis-coryloides Walsh and Riley, Amer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 106-107, fig. 86. 

Riley, 5th rept. ins. Mo., 1873, p. 116-117, fig. 

Williams, Ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1877, p. 49, fig. 39. 
Schizomyia coryloides Felt, 23d rept. ins. ST. Y. f. 1907, 1908, p. 374, 379. 

Irregular, fusiform, monothalamous galls, occurring in clusters of from 
10 to 50, apparently deformation of a bud. Within they are pithy, the 
larval cell long, with woody shell, lying lengthwise in gall. Green when 
young, brown when mature, covered, especially towards the tip, with wooly 
pubescence. 15-20 mm. long, 6-10 mm. wide. On stem of frost grape, 
Vitis cordifolia. 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia. 
Cecidomyia? parthenocissi, n. s. Midrib gall of Virginia creeper. Fig. 91. 

Without scientific name,Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 68-69, pi. D, fig. 7. 

On under side of midrib of woodbine Parthenocissus quinquefolia, open- 
ing by slit on upper side of leaf. About 9 mm. long, 6 mm. wide, others 
about 5 cm. X 7 mm. Highest in middle. Red and green. 

MAL VALES. 
TILIACEAE. 
Tilia americana. 
Eriophyes abnormis Garman. Linden pouch-gall. 

Phytoptus abnormis Garman, 12th rept. state ent. 111.. 1883, p. 134. 

Packard, 5th rept., U. S. ent. comm., 1890, p. 480. 
Cook, Ohio nat., 1902, v. 2, fig. 9; 1903, v. 3, p. 423, fig. 44. 



Insect Galls. 45 

Without scientific name, Buckhout, Proc. Amer. assoc. adv. sci. f . 1882, 1883, v. 31, p. 475. 

Hagen. Can. ent., 1885, v. 17, p. 28. 
Eriophyes abnormis Cook, 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f. 1904, 1905, p. 860- 
861, fig. 51. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 59, pi. C, fig. 6. 

A pouch-like gall usually on upper side of the leaf with the opening 
below, neck constricted. The upper end of the gall folded into notches. 
Common on basswood, Tllia americana. 

Cecidomyia? cltrina Osten Sacken.. 

Cecidomyia citrina Osten Sacken, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1870, v. 3, p. 53. 

Irregular, fleshy galls on terminal buds of young shoots. Polythala- 
mous. Color of bark. Sometimes with leaves growing out. 5-8 mm. in 
diameter. July and August. Not rare. On linden, Tilia americana. 

Cecidomyia verrucicola Osten Sacken. Basswood wart-gall. 

Cecidomyia verrucicola Osten Sacken, Can. ent., 1875, v. 7, p. 201-202. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 264. 
Cook, Ohio nat., 1902, v. 2, p. 267, fig. 24; 1903, v. 3, p. 427, fig. 62-63. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 67. 

Rounded , wartlike galls showing on both sides of the leaf. About 3 mm. 
in diameter, 1-2 mm. thick. Red above, green below. Open in the fall 
by a lid below. On linden, Tilia americana. Common. A gall that ap- 
pears to be the same differing only in size, appears on the fruit and on 
the bract. 

PARIETALE8. 
VIOLACBAB. 
Viola sagittata. 
Cecidomyia semenivora Beutenmiiller. Fig. 92. 

Cecidomyia semenivora Beutenmiiller, Bull., Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1907, v. 23, p. 390-391, pi. 15, 

fig. 1-4. 
Without name, Bramerd, Rhodora, 1904, v. 6, p. 15. 

A monothalamous, subglobular gall, the apex prolonged to a slender 
point, found in the midst of the crown of leaves of Viola sagittata. The 
color and surface are similar to those of the surrounding petioles. The 
mediumly thick walls enclose several light yellow larvae, none of which 
have been reared. Only three specimens have been collected by me. 
Also on Viola cucullata. 

Viola cucullata. 
Cecidomyia semenivora Beutenmiiller. See above. 

UMBELLALES. 
CORNACEAE. 
Cornus florida. 
Lasioptera clavula Beutenmiiller. Dogwood club-gall. 

Cecidomyia clavula Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 269, pi. 15, fig. 5; 
Ins. galls, vicin. N. T., 1904, p. 29, fig. 

Townsend, Proc. Ent. soc. Wash., 1893, v. 2, p. 390. 

Cook, 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. res. Indiana f . 1904, 1905, p. 841. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 69. 
Lasioptera clavtda Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1907, v. 23, p. 396, pi. 14, figs. 5-6. 



46 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Club-shaped, monothalamous gall terminating twig. 2-3 cm. long. 
Color of twig. Larval cell elongated. Found in July and later. Not 
rare. On flowering dog -wood, Cornus Jlorida. Larvae leave the gall in 
September or October and enter the ground to transform. Adults emerge 
during May and June. 

Cornus amomum. 
Cecidomyia? tuba, n. s. 

On leaf of Cornus amomum. Hemispherical above, about 3 mm. in 
diameter, projecting like a curved tube beneath, about 8 mm., open at end. 
Light green below, red-brown above. Bright orange larva. Three galls 
on each leaf. 

Cornus candidissima. 

Lasioptera corni Felt. Dogwood leaf-gall. 

Lasioptera corni Felt. 22d rept. ins. N. Y. f. 1906, 1907, p. 107; 23d rept. ins. N. Y. f. 1907, 1908, p. 
318, 324. 

On leaf of Cornus candidissima, projecting slightly on each side, 6-7 
mm. in diameter, several on a leaf. Light green or yellow in the middle, 
shading into deep red. Wilbraham, Mass. 

ERICALES. 

VACCINIACBAE. 
Polycodium stamineum. 
Cecidomyia vaccinii Osten Sacken. Fig. 93. 

Cecidomyia vaccinii Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 196. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1907, v. 23, p. 392, pi. 16, fig. 10-12. 

A cock's-comb shaped gall on the under side of the leaf, on the veins. 
Green. Opens by a slit when mature, when the larvae leave the gall to 
transform in the ground. September. South Hadley, Mass. On deer- 
berry, Polycodium stamineum. 

Vaccinium pennsylvanicum. 

Solenozoplieria vaccinii Ashmead. Huckleberry gall. 

Solenozoplieria vaccinii Ashmead, Trans. Amer. ent. soc., 1887, v. 14, p. 149. 
Beutenmuller, Ins. galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 22, fig. 

Reniform, polythalamous, twig-gall, concave side attached to the stem. 
Pithy. Oreen with sometimes a tinge of red, turning brown and harder in 
the fall. 2-3 cm. long. Common on blueberry, Vaccinium pennsylvanicum. 
Insects emerge the following spring. 

GENTIANALES. 

OLEACBAE. 

Praxinus americana. 

Phylloxera? fraxini n. s. 

A fleshy rounded gall on upper side of the leaflet, opening by a slit on 
the under side. About 5 mm. in diameter. Green, becoming yellow with 
red-brown tinge. On white ash, Fraxinus americana. Not common. 



Insect Galls. 47 

Cecidomyia pellex Osten Sacken. Ash midrib-gall. 

Cecidomyia pellex Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 199. 

Cook, Ohio, nat., 1904, v. 4. p. 140, fig. 114; 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. 

res. Indiana f . 1904, 1905, p. 838-839, fig. 31. 
Beutenmuller, Ins. galls vicin. K. Y., 1904, p. 26, fig. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 67, pi. E, fig. 5. 

Consists of the swollen midrib of the leaflet. One or several leaflets 
may be deformed. Reniform, smooth, juicy, mainly on under side of the 
leaflet, 15-30 mm. long. Pale green, frequently with much red. Rather 
common on white ash, Fraxinus americana. May and June. 



POLEMONIALES . 

CONVOLVULACBAB. 

Convolvulus sepium. 

Lasioptera convolvuli Felt. Fig. 94. 

Lasioptera convolvuli Felt, 22d rept. ins. N. T. f. 1906, 1907, p.149-150; 23d rept. ins. N. T. f. 1907, 
1908, p. 318, 326. 

An elliptical swelling of the main stem. About 1 cm. long and two 
and one-half times the diameter of the stem. The outer portions are pithy 
with some longitudinal spaces. The orange larva apparently occupies the 
pith-cavity, surrounded by the unchanged walls. September. On upright 
bindweed, Convolvulus spithamaeus, and on hedge bindweed, C. sepium. 

Convolvulus spithamaeus. 
Lasioptera convolvuli Felt. See above. 

LABIATAB. 
Trichostema dichotomum. 

Stagmatophora sexnotella Chambers. Blue-curls stem-gall. Fig. 95-96. 

Gelechia sexnotella Chambers, Bull. U. S. geol.-geogr. surv., 1878, v. 4, p. 88. 
Mompha sexnotella Busck, Journ. N. Y. ent. soc., 1902, v. 10, p. 97-98, pi. 12, fig. 7. 

Dyar, List N. A. lepid. (Bull. 52, D". S. nat. mus.) 1902, p. 543, no. 6168. 
Stagmatophora sexnotella Walsingham, Proc. IT. S. nat. mus., 1907, v. 33, p. 219-220. 

This monothalamous gall is an enlargement of the stem, often just be- 
low the flowering branches of blue-curls, Trichostema dichotomum. It is 
irregularly reniform, tapering somewhat above, ending bluntly below. 
They average about 18 by 6 mm. The surface and coloring are similar to 
those of the stem. The thick spongy walls enclose a cavity following the 
general curl of the gall, extending below however, through the wall to a 
projection at the base of the concave side, where it is separated from the 
exterior by the epidermis of the stem only, thus providing for the escape 
of the adult which could not eat its way out, having no mandibles. 
Abundant. 



48 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

RUBIALES. 
CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 
Sambucus canadensis. 
Cecidomyia umbellicola Osten Sacken. Fig. 98. 

Cecidomyia sambuci-umbellicola Osten Sacken, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1870, v. 3, p. 52, 347. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 269; 
1907, v. 23, p 393, pi. 16, fig. 9. 

Galls existing as a deformity of the flower buds of common elder. 
Round, monothalamous, white when young, turning dark. About five 
times the diameter of the bud. Abundant where found. On common 
elder, Sambucus canadensis. Found in June. Described as on Sambucus 
pubens by Osten Sacken. 

Neolasioptera sambuci Felt. Fig. 97. 

Cecidomyia sambuci Felt, 21st rept. ins. N. Y. f. 1905, 1906, p. 131, fig. 46-48. 
Lasioptera sambuci Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1907, v. 23, p. 396. 
Neolasioptera sambuci Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. f . 1907, 1908, p. 321, 331. . 

An irregular elliptical swelling of the main stem and side shoots. 
About three times the normal diameter of the stem. Kougkened, corru- 
gated. Within brown and pithy about woody part. On common elder, 
Sambucus canadensis. The larvae remain in the gall over winter, trans- 
forming and emerging in May or June. 

Sambucus pubens. 

Cecidomyia umbellicola Osten Sacken. See above. 

Viburnum dentatum. 

Eriophyes viburni, n. s. Mite gall of viburnum. 

Corrugations of leaf causing entire change of appearance. Apparently 
caused by action of insect on under side, as the upper side arches over 
abnormally. Both within and without densely clothed with short white 
hairs. Similar in appearance to galls of Schizoneura americana of the elm. 
On Viburnum dentatum. 

Viburnum nudum? 

Undetermined gall. 

Oval enlargement of stem, mainly below but including the node. 
Monothalamous, woody, thick-walled. Cavity brown-lined, curved out 
above a side branch and opening through a side-swelling. Castings 
noticeable. Color slightly redder than normal stem. One specimen. 
August. On Viburnum ? nudum. 

Diervilla diervilla. 
Cecidomyia? iriaequalis, n. s. 

The enlarged fruit of Diervilla diervilla. Most are larger on one side 
causing a bending in other direction, some almost sickle-shaped. Color 
same as fruit. Mt. Holyoke, Mass. 



Insect Galls. 49 

GAMPANULALES. 
CICHORIACEAB. 
Lactuca canadensis. 
Aulax tumidus Bassett. Lettuce tumor-gall. 

Aulax tumidus Bassett, Trans. Ainer. ent. soc, 1890, v. 17, p. 22. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 263. 
Jarvis, 37th ami. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 72. 

This gall consists of an irregular, rough, knotty enlargement of the main 
stem. Sometimes 5-7 cm. long, 2-3 cm. thick, sometimes smaller. Poly- 
thalamous. Common on wild lettuce, Lactuca canadensis. 

AMBROSIACBAB. 

Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. 

Undetermined lepidopterous gall. 

A spindle-shaped woody gall on the main stem or side shoots, below 
the raceme. Same color as the stem. 15-20 mm. long, 5-7 mm. wide. 
Monothalamous, cell-walls about 2 mm. thick, rough within. An opening 
near the top provided for emergence. Lepidopterous larva, full-grown in 
late September. Not rare on rag-weed, Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. 

COMPOSITAB. 
Eupatorium perfoliatum. 

Neolasioptera perfoliata Felt. Boneset stem-gall. Fig. 99. 

Choristoneura perfoliata Felt, 22d rept. ins. N. Y. 1. 1906, 1907, p. 156-157. 

Jarvis, 38th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1907, p. 88, pi. A, fig. 5. 
Keolasioptera perfoliata Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. 1. 1907, 1908, p. 319, 332. 

A monothalamous, elliptical swelling of the stem, varying much in size, 
usually twice the diameter of the stem. Walls about natural thickness. 
Cavity contains a brown cellular mass. Late summer, common. On 
thoroughwort, Eupatorium perfoliatum. 

Eupatorium ageratoides. 
Cecidomyia? eupatoriflorae Beutenmiiller. Fig. 100. 

Cecidomyia? eupatoriflorae Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1907, v. 23, p. 391, pi. 16, 
fig. 4-5. 

An irregularly spherical gall, sometimes indented at the top. A de- 
formation of a flower-head, some portions of which are to be seen. Fleshy, 
downy, green. Diameter 1-2 cm. Singly or in groups on white snake- 
root, Eupatorium ageratoides. September. Springfield, Mass. and 
Suffield, Conn. 

Solidago. 
Cecidomyia? bifolia, n. s. 

A small, monothalamous gall, binding together two leaves. Rounded, 
showing a little more above. The leaves grow together. The insect 
emerges in early summer. Not common. On goldenrod Solidago. 



r,0 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Ehopalomyia anthophila Osten Sacken. Downy flower-gall of goldenrod. 
Fig. 104. 

Cecidomyia anthophila Osten Sacken, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1869, v. 2, p. 302-303. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Anier. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 272. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1904, v. 4, p. 116, fig. 73. 
Bhopalomyia anfhopTiila Felt, 23d rept, ins. N. Y. f . 1907, 1908, p. 358, 364, 365; Ottawa nat., 1909, v. 
22, p. 246. 

These downy galls are deformations of flowers. Conical, with blunt 
tip, as if truncated. Monothalamous, 7-8 mm. long. Green covered with 
pale hairs. Abundant in heads of gqldenrod, Solidago, several species. 
Insects emerge about the first of September. 
Bhopalomyia racemicola Osten Sacken. Beaked goldenrod -gall. Fig. 109. 

Cecidomyia racemicola Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 196. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1907, v. 23, p.393, pl.T7, fig.14. 
Bhopalomyia racemicola Felt, 22d rept. ins. ST. Y. f. 1906, 1907, p. 120-121; 23d rept. ins. SLY. f. 
1907, 1908, p. 358, 364, 366; Ottawa nat., 1909, v. 22, p. 246. 

Globular, smooth, beaked gall, deformation of a flower, 2-3 mm. in 
diameter. Monothalamous. Green, becoming brown. Insects emerge in 
early September. On goldenrod, Solidago. 

Dasyneura solidaginis Loew. Goldenrod bunch-gall. Fig. 108. 

Cecidomyia solidaginis Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt.l, p. 194-195, pi. 1, fig. 

4-7. 
Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 271; Ins. galls 

vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 31, fig. 
Cook, Ohio nat., 1902, v. 2, p. 272, fig. 31. 
Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 68. 

This gall is a deformation of terminal buds producing a mass of 
hundreds of leaves, the outer ones little changed, the inner ones success- 
ively more and more narrow, a single small gall at the tip of each branch. 
On goldenrod, Solidago, several species. A r ery common. 

Baldratia carbonifera Osten Sacken. Goldenrod leaf -gall. 

Cecidomyia carbonifera Osten Sacken, in Loew's Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 195. 

Trelease, Psyche, 1884, v. 4, p. 196-200. 
Baldratia carbonifera Felt, 23d rept. ins. 51. Y. f. 1907, 1908, p. 321, 328; Ottawa nat., 1909, v. 22, 
p. 248. 

Pale, circular spots in leaf surrounded by a dark ring. Several larvae 
in each gall. 4-6 mm. in diameter. Some of the galls contain a substance 
like powdered charcoal. On goldenrods, Solidago. Very common. 

Eutreta sparsa Wiedemann. 

Trypeta sparsa Wiedemann, Aussereur. zweifl. ins., 1830, v. 2, p. 492. 

Loew, Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 78, pi. 2, fig. 13. 
Trypeta caliptera Say, Journ. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1830, v. 6, p. 187. 
Platystoma latipennis Macquart, Mem. soc. sci. Lille, 1842 (1S43), p. 355; Dipt, exotiques, 1843, 

v. 3, p. 200, pi. 26, fig. 8. 
Acinia novaebora-censis Fitch, 1st rept. ins. N. Y., 1855, p. 67. 
Eutreta sparsa Thompson, Psyche, 1907, v. 14, p. 72, 74, fig. 2. 

Gall on growing shoot of Solidago, above ground; full size in April. 
Larva grew in May, pupated in June, flies emerged about 20th of June. 

Eurosta comma Wiedemann. 

Trypeta comma, Wiedemann, Aussereur. zweifl. ins., 1830, v. 2, p. 478. 
Loew, Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt, 1, p. 93-94, pi. 2, fig. 28. 
Acinia comma Macquart, Mem. Soc. sci. Lille, 1842, (1843), p. 386; Dipt, exotiques, 1843, v. 3, 
p. 229. 



Insect Galls. 51 

Rather irregular, more or less spherical galls at base of stems of Solid- 
ago, 15 by 10 mm., when fresh somewhat green and plump ; later dry and 
wrinkled, brown. Produced a large fly, some smaller galls produced no 
insects. July. 

Eurosta solidaginis Fitch. Golclenrod ball-gall. 

Acinia solidaginis Fitch, 1st rept. ins. N. Y., f. 1854, 1855, p. 771. 

Tephritis asteris Harris, Rept. ins. Mass. inj. veg., 1841, p. 417; Treat ins. N. E. inj. veg., 1842, 

p. 417; same 1852, p. 497-498; Treat, ins. inj. veg. (Flint ed.), 1862, p. 620-621. 

(Incorrect determination of host-plant as aster.) 
Trypeta solidaginis Loew, Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 82. 

Walsh, Pract. ent., 1866, v. 1, p. 114. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. naus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 274, pi. 15, fig. 6; 
Ins. galls vicin. N. Y., 1904, p. 34, fig. 

Baker, Ent. news, 1895, v. 6, p. 174. 

Fyles, Can. ent., 1894, v. 26, p. 120-122. 

Snyder, Can. ent., 1898, v. 30, p. 99-100. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1903, v. 3, p. 422, fig. 40; 29th ann. rept. Dept. geol. and nat. 
res. Indiana f . 1904, 1905, p. 844, fig. 36. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 68, pi. F, fig. 3. 
Eurosta solidaginis Brodie, Can. ent., 1892, v. 24, p. 137-139. 

Harrington, Can. ent., 1895, v. 27, p. 197. 

A solid, globular, monothalamous gall on the stem. About 2 cm. in 
diameter. Round larval cell. This gall is frequently found in winter 
broken open, usually by the chickadee (Parus atricapillus Linn.) Insect, 
of about the size of a house-fly, emerges in the spring. Very common on 
goldenrod, Solidago. 

Undetermined lepidopterous gall. Fig. 105. 

An oval, one-celled gall around the base of the stem, apparently 
lepidopterous. Ridged lengthwise. About three times the diameter of the 
stem and 25 mm. long. Rather thin- walled when mature. July. On 
goldenrod, Solidago. 

Gnorimo schema gallaesolidaginis Riley. Elliptical goldenrod gall. 

Oeleckia gallaesolidaginis Riley, 1st rept. ins. Mo., 1869, p. 173-178, fig. 

Kellicott, Can. ent., 1878, v. 10, p. 201. 

Cook, Ohio nat., 1903, v. 3, p. 422, fig. 41; 1904, v. 4, p. 127, fig. 111. 

Jarvis, 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1906, p. 65, pi. F, fig. 2. 
Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis Busck, Proc. U. S. nat. mus., 1900, v. 23, p. 227. 
Brodie, Can. ent., 1909, v. 41, p. 7-8. 

An elongated stem-gall, 2-4 cm. long. Monothalamous. Larval 
chamber large. Remains over winter as a pupa, and in spring the adult 
emerges through a hole made by the larva. On goldenrods, Solidago. 
Common. 

Eucosma scudderiana Clemens. Scarred goldenrod gall. 

Hedya scudderiana Clemens, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1860, p. 358. 

Euryptychia saligneana Clemens, Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., 1865, v. 5, p. 141. (Incorrectly supposed 

the moth was reared from a willow gall.) 
Grapholitha saligneana Packard, Guide study ins. 1869, p. 337. 

Riley, 2d rept. ins. Mo., 1870, p. 134-135, fig. 99. 
Paedisca affusana Zeller, Verh. Zool.-bot. ges. Wien, 1875, v. 25, p. 307. 
Paedisca saligneana Kellicott, Can. ent., 1878, v. 10, p. 202. 
Paedisca scudderiana Kellicott, Can. ent., 1882, v. 14, p. 161-163. 



52 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Eucosma scudderiana Dyar, List N. A. lepidopt.— Bull. 52, U. S. nat. mus., 1902, p. 459. 
.Jarvis, 38th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1907, p. 91, pi. C, fig. 7. 
Brodie, Can. ent., 1909, v. 41, p. 73-74. 

A monothalamous stem-gall, scarred with brown furrows on the outside. 
The larval cavity fills the inside, and sometimes reaches into the stem -pith 
above and below. Not as common as the two larger stem-galls of the 
golden-rod. On goldenrods, Solidago. 

Solidago rugosa. 

Oedaspis polita Loew. Goldenrod gall. 

Tryp eta polita Loew, Mon. dipt. N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 77, pi. 2, fig. 12. 

Oaten Sacken, Trans. Amer. ent, soc, 1869, v. 2, p. 301-302. 

Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 274; Ins. galls vicin. 

N. Y., 1904, p. 33-34, fig. 
Jarvis, 38th ann. rept. Ent. soe. Ontario, 1907, p. 88. 

A monothalamous gall, consisting of undeveloped leaves of side bud, 
massed together. About 15 mm. long. Usually several galls are grouped. 
Common on goldenrod, Solidago rugosa. 

Lasioptera tumifica Beutenmuller. Fig. 107. 

Lasioptera tumifica Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1907, v. 23, p. 394, pi. 14, fig. 1-4. 
Felt, 23d rept, ins. N. Y. f. 1907, 1908, p. 321, 327 ; Ottawa nat., 1909, v. 22, p.249. 

This is an irregular, rounded or kidney-shaped gall at the base of the 
stem. Sometimes at one side of the stem, sometimes encircling it. 
Leathery outside, pithy within. Many celled, with orange-colored larvae. 
About 10 by 15 mm., although varying considerably in size. When young 
green, becoming brown. On goldenrod, Solidago rugosa. 

Solidago juncea. 
Eurosta reticulata Snow. Fig. 106. 

Eurosta reticulata Snow, Kans. univ. quart., 1894, v. 2, p. 170, pi. 7, fig. 6. 
Thompson, Psyche, 1907, v. 14, p. 71-72, fig. 1. 

An ovate, monothalamous gall growing on the underground stem. It 
is evidently a deformed bud. About 3 cm. long, 1 cm. wide. Overlapping 
scales show some green. Walls fleshy, rather thick. The insect emerges 
from the tip in May or June. Galls found in the fall. Common. On 
goldenrod, Solidago juncea. 
Rliopalomyia fhirtipes Osten Sacken. Fig. 101. 

Cecidomyia hirtipes Osten Sacken, Mon. dipt., N. A., 1862, pt. 1, p. 195. 

Dasyneura hirtipes Aldrich, Catal. N. A. dipt., 1905, p. 155. 

Rliopalomyia hirtipes Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. f . 1907, 1908, p. 358, 363, pi. 34, fig. 6. 

An irregularly oval, fleshy gall, attached to stems underground. Light 
brown with rough, darker spots. 1-2 cm. in either diameter. Shrivelled 
quickly. Very abundant on goldenrod, Solidago juncea. July. The in- 
sects reared from these galls agree so closely with Rliopalomyia hirtipes 
O. S. as to seem identical, but the typical gall of that species is so dissim- 
ilar as to make their identity doubtful. 

Solidago canadensis. 
Asphondylia monacha Osten Sacken. Goldenrod terminal gall. Fig. 103. 

Asphondylia monacha Osten Sacken, Trans. Amer. ent. soc, 1869, v. 2, p, 299-301 ; 1871, v. 3, p. 347. 
Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 273. 



Insect Galls. 53 

Jarvis, 38th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1907, p. 87. 

Pelt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. f. 1907, 1908, p. 374, 375, 376, pi. 36, fig. 8-9; Ottawa 
nat., 1909, v. '22, p. 246, 247, 248. 

This is a conical gall on the tip of the stem, 1-2 cm. long. There are 
many leaves, with thickened bases, clustered together. The larvae, 
yellowish or orange, live between the bases of the leaves. On goldenrod, 
Solidago canadensis. Common. 

Baldratia flavolunata Felt. Lunate marginal gall. Fig. 102. 

Choristoneura flavolunata Felt, 22d rept. ins: N. Y. f . 1906, 1907, p. 154-155. 

Jarvis, 38th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario, 1907, p. 88, pi. A, fig. 6. 
Baldratia flavolunata Felt, 23d rept. ins. N. Y. f . 1907, 1908, p. 321, 330; Ottawa nat., 1909, v. 22, p.248. 

This blister-like gall projects equally from the two sides of the leaf. 
4-8 mm. in diameter. Smooth. The central portion yellow surrounded 
by a ring, which is usually dark violet, sometimes black. Monothalamous. 
On goldenrod, Solidago canadensis. June. 

Buthamia graminifolia. 

Cecidomyia? euthamiae, n. s. 

A curved, fusiform, striate gall found usually among the flower heads, 
infrequently in the axils of the upper leaves or branchlets. Deep violet- 
red, a few showing some green. Stem 1 cm. ; gall 10-13 mm. long, 1 mm. 
wide. Thin-walled, one-celled. Rather common about Springfield, Mass. 
on fragrant goldenrod, Euthamia graminifolia. August to September. 
Very abundant at Southport, Maine. 

Aster. 
Lasioptera asterifoliae Beutenmiiller. 

Lasioptera asterifoliae Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1907, v. 23, p. 395, pi. 14, fig. 15. 

A circular, blister-like gall, showing about equally on the two sides of 
the leaf. Monothalamous. 3-4 mm. in diameter. Black surrounded by 
a red ring, a few with black dot at center with red ring, then a black ring, 
then a red ring, the surrounding portions of the leaf a very deep red ; color 
beneath similar but lighter. Larva white or very light yellow; full-grown, 
Oct. 17. Several on each leaf of aster, Aster. Mt. Tom, Mass. 

Aster ericoides. 
Cecidomyia? gemmaria, n. s. Fig. 110. 

The deformed bud of an aster constitutes this gall. It is one-celled, 
ovate, pointed and in some cases mucronate, green with a dense white 
pubescence. Length 4-7 mm., width 3-5 mm. Walls of the conical cell 
1 mm. thick. Abundant on Aster ericoides. Collected by Dr. Geo. 
Dimmock, Aug. and Sept. 1908. Found in October in great abundance 
when it had turned dark gray. 

Cecidomyia? strobiligemma n. s. Fig. 111. 

* This ovate gall is the result of the arrest of development of a side 
branch near the top of the stem. One to several may be found on one 
plant. The leaves are closely lapped over the one cell. Green. 8-10 mm. 
long, 6-8 mm. wide. On white heath aster, Aster ericoides. September. 



54 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Aster dumosus. 
Cecidomyia? ramvscula Beutenmiiller. 

Cecidomyia? ramuscula Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 19o7, v. 23, p. 392, pi. 17, fig. 

7-9. 

"This is a fusiform swelling on the branches of Asters, Aster dumosus 
and A. patens. Inside is an elongate, narrow chamber inhabited by a 
single larva, which remains in the gall to pupate. 10-20 mm. by 5-8 mm. 
N< C. Adult unknown." 

Aster patens. 
Cecidomyia? ramuscula Beutenmiiller. See above. 

Rudbeckia laciniata. 
Asplwndylia conspicua Osten Sacken. Fig. 112. 

Asphondylia rudbeckiae-consjricua, Osten Sacken, Trans. Amer. ent. soc., 1870, v. 3, p. 51-52. 

Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 1892, v. 4, p. 272; 
1907, y. 23, p. 387, pi. 16, fig. 6. 

A very irregularly spherical fleshy gall found on flower heads of golden 
glow, Rudbeckia laciniata, in late summer. Green. Varying in size, 1-4 
cm. in diameter. 



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Insect Galls. 55 

Baker, Carl F. 

'95. Biological notes on some Colorado diptera. Ent. news, v. 6, p. 
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'63. Descriptions of several supposed new species of cynips, with re- 
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'83. On the gall-mites, phytoptus. Proc Amer. assoc adv. sci., 31st 
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56 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Busck, August. 

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Chambers, V. T. 

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Cockerell, T. D. A. 

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Comstock, J. H. 

'83. The ocellate leaf gall of red maple. (Sciara ocellaris O. S.) 
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Cook, M. T. 

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263-278, pi. 18-21; 1903, v. 3, p. 419-436, pi. 13-18; 1904, v. 4, 

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'02. A list of North American lepidoptera .... Bull. 52, U. S. nat. 
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Insect Galls. 57 

Felt, Ephraim P. 

'07. New species of cecidomyiidae. From N. Y. state mus. bull. 110, 

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23d rept. of the State entomologist f. 1907. 23 p. 
'08. Studies in cecidomyiidae. II. Bull. 124, N. Y. state mus., 23d 

rept. State ent. f. 1907, p. 307-422, pi. 33-44. 
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Fernald, C. H. 

'97. Report of the entomologist. Ninth ann. rept. Hatch exp. sta., 

p. 85-87. 
'97. The spruce gall-louse. (Chermes abietis Linn.) 34th ann. rept. 

Mass. agr. coll. f. 1896 (Mass.— Pub. doc. no. 31, 1896), p. 89-100, 

pi. 1-2. 
Fitch, Asa 

'45. Insects injurious to vegetation. — No. 2. Insects of the genus 

cecidomyia, including the Hessian fly and wheat fly. Amer. quart. 

journ. agr. and science, v. 1, p. 255-269, 1 pi. 

'51. Catalogue of the known homoptera of the state of New York in 
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'55-'72. Reports on the noxious, beneficial and other insects of the 
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Third rept. f. 1856, published 1856. 
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'89. Notes on certain cynipidae with descriptions of new species. 

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58 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

'02. Notes on some Colorado insects. Bull. 31, Div. ent., U. S. Dept. 
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Hagen, Hermann A. 

'85. The collection of phytoptocecidia, or mite galls, in the Cambridge 

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'41-'62. A report on the insects of Massachusetts, injurious to vegeta- 
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Henry, W. A. 

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'82. Alternate generation in cynipidae. Psyche, v. 3, p. 328-329. 

Jarvis, Tennyson D. 

'07. Insect galls of Ontario. 37th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario f. 

1906, p. 56-72, pi. A-F. 

'08. Additional galls of Ontario. 38th ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario f. 

1907, p. 85-94, pi. A-D. 
Kellicott, D. S. 

'78. A new gall moth and notes on larvae of other gall moths. Can. 

ent., v. 10, p. 201-204. 
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1767. Systema naturae . . . ed. 12, v. 2, p. 553-1327. 



Insect Galls. 59 

Lintner, J. A. 

'88-'97. Reports on the injurious and other insects of the state of 
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Fourth rept. published 1888, 238 p. 67. fig. 
Ninth rept. f. 1892, 1893, 494 p., 34 fig. and 1 pi. 
Twelfth rept. 1896, 1897, 399 p., 10 fig. and 15 pi. 

Loew, Hermann. 

'62. Monographs of the diptera of North America. Prepared for the 
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Macquart, Jean. 

'43. Dipteres exotiques ou peu connus. Mem. Soc. sci. Lille, 1842, 
p. 162-460, 36 pi. Separate, 1843, v. 3, 304 p., 36 pi. 

Monell, Joseph. (See also Riley, C. V. '79.) 

'77. A new genus of aphidae. Can. ent., v. 9, p. 1,02-103. Reprint, 
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Murtfeldt, Mary E. 

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60 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

'65. Contributions to the natural history of the cynipidae of the United 

States and of their galls. Article 4th. Proc Ent. soc. Phil., v. 4, 

p. 331-380. 
'70. Contributions to the natural history of the cynipidae of the United 

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soc, v. 3, p. 51-54. 
'71. Biological notes on diptera, (Article 3d). Trans. Amer. ent. 

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Packard, A. S. 

'69. Guide to the study of insects. . . Salem, Mass., 1869, 8 + 702 p., 

11 pi., 650 wood cuts. 
'78. Insects affecting the cranberry, with remarks on other injurious 

insects. Tenth ann. rept. U. S. geog. and geol. surv. terr. f. 1876, 

p. 521-531, fig. 
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comm., 275 p., 100 fig. (Superseded by the next.) 
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on insects injurious to forest and shade trees. Washington, 1890. 

8 + 957 p., 38 pi. and many wood-cuts. 
Pergande, Theodore. 

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agr., 44 p. il. 

'04. North American phylloxerinae affecting liicoria (carya) and other 
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Reed, E. B. 

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Riley, C. V. (See also Walsh, B. D., and C. V. Riley.) 

'69-'76. Annual reports on the noxious, beneficial, and other insects of 
the state of Missouri. (Ann. rept. Mo. state board of agr.) 
First rept. f. 1868, 1869, 180 p. 2 pi. and 98 fig. 
Second rept. f. 1869, 1870, 136 p., 99 fig. 
Third rept. f. 1870, 1871, 176 + 7 p., 73 fig. 






Insect Galls. 01 

Fourth rept. f. 1871, 1872, 146 + 6 p., 66 fig. 
Fifth rept. f. 1872, 1873, 160 + 8 p., 75 fig. 
Sixth rept. f. 1873, 1874, 169 + 12 p., 55 fig. 
Seventh rept. f. 1874, 1875, 7 + 196 + 4 p., 40 fig. 
Eighth rept. f. 1875, 1876, 185 + 4 p., 55 fig. 
'70. Pithy blackberry gall. Amer. ent., v. 2, p. 159-160, fig. 103. 
'70. The pocl-like willow gall. Amer. ent., v. 2, p. 214, fig. 133. 
'70. Prickly. rose gall. Amer. ent., v. 2, p. 246. 
'70. Prickly rose gall. Amer. ent., v. 2, p. 309, fig. 192. 
'70. Mite gall on sugar maple. Amer. ent., v. 2, p. 339. 
'73. Controlling sex in butterflies. Amer. nat., v. 7, p. 513-521. 
'76. Grail -insects. Johnson's new universal cyclopaedia, v. 2, p. 412- 

416, 16 fig. 
'79. The nervous system and salivary glands of phylloxera. Psyche, 

v. 2, p. 225-226. 
'79. Biological notes on the gall-making pemphiginae. Proc. Amer. 

assoc. advanc. sci. f. 1878, v. 27, 288-289. 
'79. (With Joseph Monell.) Notes on the aphididae of the United 

States, with descriptions of species occurring west of the Mississippi. 

Bull. U. S. geol. and geog. surv. terr., v. 5, p. 1-32, 2 pi. 
'80. Gall on solidago leaves. Amer. ent., v. 3 (s. 2, v. 1), p. 278. 
'84. Notes on North American psyllidae. Proc. Biol. soc. Wash., v. 

2, p. 67-79. 
'90. Insects injurious to the hackberry. 5th rept. U. S. ent. comm., 

p. 601-622, fig, 196-203. 
'93. (With L. O. Howard.) The stony acorn gall. Insect life, v. 5, 

p. 196 

Rohwer, S. A. 

'09. The sawfly genus crytocampus in boreal North America. Journ. 
N. Y. ent. soc, v. 17, p. 7-25. (On cryptocampus.) 

Russell, H. M., and C. W. Hooker. 

'08. A new cecidomyid on oak. Ent. news, v. 19, p. 349-352, pi. 14. 

Saunders, William. 

'82. The grape phylloxera — phylloxera vastatrix. Can. ent., v. 14, p. 

121-128, fig. 14-19. 
'83. Insects injurious to fruit. Philadelphia, 1883. 436 p. 440 fig. 

Say, Thomas. 

'23-24. Descriptions of coleopterous insects collected in the expedition 
to the Rocky Mountains. Journ. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1823, v. 3, p. 
139-216, 238-282, 298-331, 403-462; 1824, v. 4, p. 83-99. 



62 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

'29-'30. Description of North American dipterous insects. Journ. 
Acad. nat. sci. Phil., v. 6, p. 149-178, 183-188. 

Shinier, Henry. 

'67. On a new genus of aphidae. Trans. Amer. ent. soc, v. 1, p. 

283-285. 
'69. Descriptions of two acarians bred from the white maple (acer 

dasycarpum ) . Trans. Amer. ent. soc, v. 2, p. 319-320. 

'69. A summer's study of hickory galls, with descriptions of supposed 
new insects bred therefrom. Trans. Amer. ent. soc, v. 2, p. 386- 
398. 

Smith, John B. 

'91. • Notes on blackberry borers and gall makers. Insect life, v. 4, p. 

27-30. 
'96. Economic entomology . . . Philadelphia, 1896. 481 p. 483 fig. 

Snow, William. 

'94. Descriptions of North American trypetidae. Kans. univ. quart.,' 
v. 2, p. 159-174, 2 pi. 

Snyder, Mrs. A. J. 

'98. Trypeta solidaginis. Can. ent., v. 30, p. 99-100. 

Thomas, Cyrus. 

'79. Eighth report of the state entomologist on the noxious and bene- 
ficial insects of the state of Illinois. — Third annual report by Cyrus 
Thomas. Trans. Dept. agr. 111. f. 1878, n. s., v. 8, 212 + 10 p. 
46 fig. 

Thompson, Millett T. 

'07. Three galls made by cyclorrhaphous flies. Psyche, v. 14, p. 71- 
74, fig. 1-3. 

Townsend, C. H. T. 

'93. Notes on certain cecidomyiidous galls on cornus. Proc. Ent. soc 
Wash., v. 2, p. 390. 

'95. Prickly leaf-gall of rhodites tumidus on rosa fendleri. Psyche, v. 

7, p. 272-273. 
'95. Rhodites tumidus. Psyche, v. 7, p. 307. 

Trelease, William. 

'84. Notes on the relations of two cecidomyians to fungi. Psyche, v. 
4, p. 195-200. 

Walsh, B. D. 

'62. On the genera of aphidae found in the United States. Proc. Ent. 
soc. Phil., v. 1, p. 294-311, 8 fig. 



Insect Galls. 63 

'64. On dimorphism in the hymenopterous genus cyrtips; with an ap- 
pendix, containing hints for a new classification of cynipidae and a 
list of cynipidae, including descriptions of several new species inhab- 
iting the oak galls of Illinois. Proc. Ent. soc. Phil., v. 2, p. 443-500, 
6 fig. 

'64. On phytophagic varieties and phytophagic species. Proc. Ent. 
soc. Phil., v. 3, p. 403-430. 

!64-'67. On the insects, coleopterous, hymenopterous and dipterous, 
inhabiting the galls of certain species of willow. Proc. Ent. soc. 
Phil., 1864, v. 3, p. 543-644; 1866-1867, v. 6, p. 223-288, 2 fig. 

'66. [Galls.] Pract. Ent., v. 1, p. 114. 

'67. [Galls on blackberry.] Pract. ent., v. 2, p. 83-84. 

'67. [Notes on insect galls.] Pract. ent., v. 2, p. 102-103. 

'68. First annual report on the noxious insects of the state of Illinois. 
Trans. 111. state hort. soc. f. 1867, n. s., v. 1, Appendix. 103 p., 
fig. 1-3. 

'69. Mr. Conper's thorn-leaf gall. Can. ent., v. 1, p. 79-80. 

'70. On the group eurytomides of the hymenopterous family chalcididae : 
. . . Amer. ent., v. 2, p. 297-301, 329-335, 367-370, fig. 1-10. 

Walsh, B. D., and C. V. Riley. 

'68. Unsightly galls on the cottonwood. Amer. ent., v. 1, p. 57. 
'69-'70. Galls and their architects. Amer. ent., 1869, v. 1, p. 101- 

110, fig. 78-90; v. 2, p. 45-50, fig. 30-32; 1870, v. 2, p. 70-74, fig. 

45-47; p. 103-106, Hg. 68-71. 
'69. Fuzzy galls on blackberry twigs. Amer. ent., v. 1, p. 188. 
'69. Hickory-stem gall-louse. Amer. ent., v. 1, p. 227. 
'69. Cottonwood leaf-galls. Amer. ent., v. 1, p. 245. 
'69. Large compound gall on grape-vine. Amer. ent., v. 1, p. 247. 
'69. Grape-vine leaf-gall. Amer. ent., v. 1, p. 248, fig. 184. 
'69. Miscellaneous. Amer. ent., v. 1, p. 249. 
'69. Wooly gall on white oak. Amer. ent., v. 1, p. 250, fig. 187. 
'69. Oak-leaf gall. Amer. ent., v. 2, p. 29. 
'69. Grape-vine leaf-galls. Amer. ent., v. 2, p. 61. 
'69. Gall on spotted touch-me-not. Amer. ent., v. 2, p. 63, fig. 42. 

Walsingham, Lord. 

'07. Descriptions of new North American tineid moths, with a generic 
table of the family blastobasidae. Proc. U. S. nat. mus., v. 33, p. 
197-228. 



64 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Wiedemann, C. R. W. 
Aussereuropaische zweifltigliche insecten, als fortsetzung des Meigenschen 
werkes. Hanim, 1830, v. 2, 12 + 684 p. 5 pi. 

Williams, Joseph 

'77 On grape vine galls. Ann. rept. Ent. soc. Ontario f. 1877, p. 
48-51, fig- 37-41. 

Zeller, P. C. 

'75. Beitrage zur kenntniss nordamerikanischen nachtf alter. Verh. 
Zool.-bot. ges. Wien, v. 25, p. 207-354, pi. 8-10. 



PLATE 1. 

Fig. 1. Adelges abietis, black spruce. 

— 2. Mecas inornata, aspen. 

— 3. Pemphigus? rileyi, aspen. 

— 4. R7iabdop7iaya gnaphalioides, willow 

(66) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 1 







PlCEA, POPULUS, SALIX. 



PLATE 2. 

Fig. 5. Rhabclophaga strobiloides, willow. 

— 6. Rhabclophaga brassicoides, willow. 

— 7. Rhabdophaga batatas, willows. Exterior and section. 

— 8. Eriophes aenigma, willow. 



(68) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 2 






Salix. 



PLATE 3. 

Fig. 9. MayetioJa rigidae, willow. 

— 10. Cryptocampus cooperae, willow. Section. 

— 11. Cryptocampus cooperae, willow. 

— 12. Euura ovum, willow. 

— 13. Cecidomyia caryaecola, hickory. 

(70) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 3 




10 



11 





12 



13 



Salix, Hicoria. 



PLATE 4. 

Fig. 14. Cecidomyia? squamulicola, hazelnut. 

— 15. Eriophyes betulae, yellow birch. 

— 16. Dasyneura serrvlatae, alder. 

(72) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 4 




14 





lfi 



15 



Corylus, Betula, Alnus. 



PLATE 5. 

Fig. 17. EriopJtyes dentatae, chestnut. 

— 18. Cecidomyia? castaneae, chestnut. 

— 19-20. Sections of AmpJiibolips tinctoriae, scarlet oak. 1.9 X 

— 21. Section of Cynips? obovata, scarlet oak. 1.9 X 

— 22. Section of Cynips? aspera, scrub oak. 1.9 X 

— 23. Amphibolips nubilipennis, black oak. 



(74) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 5 






23 



21 



22 
Castanea, Quercus. 



PLATE 6. 

Fig. 24. Cyni'ps? constricta, red oak. 
— 25. Dryophanta lanata, red oak. 

(76) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 6 




24 




25 
QUERCUS. 



PLATE 7. 

Fig. 26-29. Amphibolips coelebs, scarlet oak. 

- — 26. Ordinary size, on midrib. 

— 27. Ordinary size, at end of vein. 

— 28. Unusual size. 

— 29. Opened to show larval cell and radiating fibers. 



(78) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 7 





26 



27 





28 



QUERCUS. 



29 



PLATE 8. 

Fig. 30. Cecklomyia foliora, scarlet oak. 
— 31. Amphibolips tinctoriae, scarlet oak. 



SO) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 




30 




31 
QUERCUS. 



PLATE 9. 

Fig. 32. Cecidomyia mqjalis, scarlet oak. 

— 33. Section of acorn to show Callirhytis fruticola, scarlet oak. 

— 34. Andricus? gallaestriatae, scarlet oak. 



( 82 ) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 9 




32 




33 




34 



QUERCUS. 



PLATE 10. 

Fig. 35. Cynipsf obovata, scarlet oak. 

— 36. Cecidomyia pustuloides, black oak. 

— 37. Callirhytis palustris, aments of scrub oak. Also found on leaves 

of pin oak and of scarlet oak. 



(84) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 10 




35 




36 



QUERCUS 



PLATE 11. 

Fig. 38-40. Amphvbolips primus, scriib oak. Shows that the larger the 
gall the less the development of the acorn. 

— 41. Cynips? cristata, scrub oak. 



(86) 



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BULLETIN 2. PL 11 




88 



39 





40 



QUERCUS. 



41 



PLATE 12. 

Fig. 42. Cynips? aspera, scrub oak. 

— 43. Holcaspis fasciata, scrub oak. 

— 44. Amplubolips ilicifoKae, scrub oak. 

(88) 



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BULLETIN 2. PL. 12 




42 




43 



QUERCUS. 



44 



PLATE. 13. 

Fig. 45. Callirhytis similis, scrub oak. 

— 46. Apparently Andricus flocci, scrub oak. Usually occurs on 
white oak. 



( 90 ) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 13 




45 




46 
QUERCUS. 



PLATE 14. 

Fig. 47-48. Callirhytis operator, scrub oak. 

— 47. Spring form on aments. 

— 48. Fall form in cup of acorn. 

Fig. 49-50. Anclricus ventricosus, scrub oak. 

— 49. Typical shape. 

— 5(J. Typical arrangement. 

(92) 



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BULLETIN 2. PL. 14 




47 





50 



48 



QUERCUS. 



PLATE 15. 

Fig. 51. Neuroterus exiguissimus, white oak. 
— 52. Eriophyes querci, chestnut oak. 

(94) 



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BULLETIN 2. PL. 15 




51 





■ T Vr 


m 



52 

QUERCUS 



PLATE 16. 

i 

Fig. 53. Holcasjris duricoria, swamp white oak. 

— 54. Cynips decidua, red oak. 

— 55. Andricus petiolicola, dwarf chestnut oak. 

— 56. Holcaspis rugosa, dwarf chestnut oak. 

(96) 



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BULLETIN 2. PL. 16 




53 



54 




55 



QUERCUS. 



56 



PLATE 17. 

Fig. 57. Cynips frondosa, dwarf chestnut oak. 

— 58. Cynips caducus, dwarf chestnut oak. 

— 59. Cynijis prinoides, dwarf chestnut oak. 

(98) 



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BULLETIN 2. PL. 17 




57 




QUERCUS 



PLATE 18. 

Fig. 60. Pemphigus fusus, slippery elm. 

— 61. Eriopliyes ulmi, elm. 

— 62. fDasyneura dematidis, clematis. 

— 63. Myzus ribis, currant. 

(100) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. II 





•V 



60 



61 







/ 




-My hi ii 












R^~Vvii if 




^JrJ^ 


) 1 1 VR 






62 63 

Ulmus, Clematis Ribes. 



PLATE 19. 

Fig. 64. Cecidomyia salicifoliae, hardhack. 

— 65. Lasioplera farinosa, blackberry. 

— 66. Cecidomyia ? muscosa, blackberry. 

( 102.) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL, 19 




64 



65 




66 
Spiraea, Rubus. 



PLATE 20. 

Fig. 67. Diastrop>hus nebulosus, high blackberry. 

— 68. Diastroplius cuscutaeformis, blackberry. 

— 69. Diastroplius bassettii, running blackberry. 

— 70. Diastroplius bassettii, running swamp blackberry. 

— 71-72. Cecidomyia ? reniformis, strawberry. 

— 71. Ending leaf growth. 

— 72. At base of petiole. 

(104) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 20 








71 


I W^Bm t 




mJEMrm 
' .OK*" 



69 




72 



Rubus, Fragaria 



PLATE 21. 

Fig. 73. Rhodites ignota, rose. 

— 74. Rhodites verna, rose. 

— 75. Rhodites sphaericus, swamp rose. 

— 76. Rhodites muUispinosus, rose. 

— 77. Rhodites lenticularis, rose. 

(106) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BULLETIN 2. PL. 21 




73 




74 






76 



Rosa. 



PLATE 22. 

Fig. 78. Eriophyes amelanchieri, shad-bush. 

— 79. Cecidomyia? venae, thorn. 

— 80. Cecidomyia bedeguar, thorn. 

(108) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 22 




79 





*HP» 






IT ^ j| 

* ■ 3?± -J - - V 






's*U^ bs^ S^Bp^^ 





80 
Amelanchier, Crataegus. 



PLATE 23. 

Fig. 81. Cecidomyia? racemi, choke-cherry. 

— 82. Contarinia virginiana, choke-cherry. 

— 83. Cecidomyia? crotalariae, rattle-box. 

— 84. Ecdytolopha insiticiana, locust. 

( HO) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 23 




81 




83 

Prunus, Crotalaria, Robinia. 






PLATE 24. 

Fig. 85. Cecidomyia impatientis, spotted touch-me-not. 
— 86. Lasioptera impatientifolia, spotted touch-me-not. 

[112] 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 24 



























86 
Impatiens. 



PLATE 25. 

Fig. 87. Pemphigus rJwis, smooth sumac. 

— 88. Eriophyes rhois, poison ivy. 

— 89. Schizomyia pomum, fox grape. Section to show two 

" stories " of cells. 

— 90. Schizomyia coryloidcs, frost grape. 



( 114) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 25 






Jj^^Bj^^P 



89 



90 



Rhus, Vitis. 



PLATE 26. 

Fig. 91. Cecidomyia? parthenocissi, woodbine. 

— 92. Cecidomyia semeniuora, arrow-leaved violet. 

— 93. Cecidomyia vaccinii, deerberry. 

— 94. Lasioptera convolvuli, hedge bindweed. 

(116) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 26 





93 



91 





94 



92 
Parthenocissus, Viola, Polycodium, Convolvulus. 



PLATE 27. 

Fig. 95-96. Staymatophora sexnotella, blue curls. 

— 95. In summer. 

— 96. In winter; typical shape. 

— 97. Neolasio2)tera sambuci, elder. 

(118) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 27 




95 





96 97 

Trichostema, Sambucus. 



PLATE 28. 

Fig. 98. Cecidomyia umbellicola, elder. 

— 99. Neolasioptera perfoliate!, thorougbwort. 

( 120 ) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 28 



B^F V^fc ^» "JIn^ ^^»i 


v 4 _ 




II s Jl^ 


* 



98 




99 



Sambucus, Eupatorium. 



PLATE 29. 

Fig. 100. Cecidomyia? eupatori florae, white snake-root. 

— 101. Rhopalomyia fkirtipes, goldenrod. 

— 102. Baldratia flavolunata, goldenrod. 



(122) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 29 




100 




101 



102 



EUPATORIUM, SOLIDAGO 



PLATE 30. 

Fig. 103. Asplwvdylia monacha, goldenrod. 

— 104. Rhojxdomyia anlhophild, goldenrod. 

— 105. Undetermined gall from goldenrod. 

— 106. Eurosta reticulata, goldenrod. 

(124) 



SPRINGFIED MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 30 





103 



104 




105 



SOLIDAGO. 



106 



PLATE 31. 

Fig. 107. Lasiopiera tumifica, goldenvod. 

— 108. Dasyneura solidaginis, goldenrod. 

— 109. Rhopalomyia? racemicola, goldenrod. 

— 110. Gecidomyiaf gemmaria, heath aster. 

( 126 ) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 31 




107 



108 



109 




110 
Solidago Aster. 



PLATE 32. 

Fig. 111. Oecidomyia? strobiligemma, heath aster, 
— 112. Asphondylia conspicua, golden glow. 

( 128 ) 



SPRINGFIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



BULLETIN 2. PL. 32 




111 




112 

ASTbR, RUDBECKIA. 



SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF GALL-INSECTS. 

(This index will also serve as list of plants inhabited by the gall- 
insects ; the figures indicate the page on which the gall is described or 
mentioned.) 

GALL-PRODUCING ACARINA. 

The nomenclature of the gall-mites is, as far possible, in accordance 
with Bank's Catalogue of the Acarina, or mites, of the United States. 
(Proc. U. S. nat. mus., 1907, v. 32, p. 595-625.) They all belong to 
the family Eriophyidae, and those mentioned below to the genus Eriophyes. 

Eriophyes 

abnormis (Tilia americana), 44-45. 

crumena (Acer saccharum), 42. 

aenigma (Salix), 10, 68. 

amelanchieri (Amelanchier canadensis), 39, 108. 

avellanae (Corylus americana), 15. 

betulae (Betula lutea), 16, 72. 

coryli (Corylus americana), 15-16. 

dentatae (Castanea dentata), 16, 74. 

ferruginea (Fagus americana), 16. 

padi (Prunus), 40. 

quadripedes (Acer saccharum), 42. 

querci (Quercus nana, Q. aloa, Q. prinus, Q. prinoides), 24, 94. 

rhois (Rhus radicans), 41, 114. 

rosea (Acer saccharum), 42. 

semen (Salix), 10. 

serotinae (Prunus serotina), 40. 

spicati (Acer spicatum), 43. 

ulmi (Ulmus americana), 32, 100. 

viburni (Viburnum dentatum), 48. 

GALL-PRODUCING HEMIPTERA. 
APHIDIDAB. 

Myzus 
ribis (Ribes rubrum), 34, 100. 

Schizoneura 

americana (Ulmus americana), 32. 



ig2 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Colopha 

ulmicola (Ulmus americana), 32. 

Pemphigus 

fusus (Ulmus fulva), 33, 100. 
populicaulis (Populus), 8. 
rhois (Rhus hirta, R. glabra), 41, 114. 
rileyi (Populus tremuloides), 9, 66. 
transversus (Populus), 8. 
vagabundus (Populus deltoides), 9. 

Hamamelistes 
spinosus (Hamamelis virginiana), 16, 34. 

Hormaphis 
hamamelidis (Hamamelis virgiuiana), 34-35. 

Adelges 
abietis (Picea canadensis, P. mariana), 5, 8, 66. 

Phylloxera 
caryaecaulis (Hicoria), 12-13. 
fallax (Hicoria alba), 14. 
fraxini (Fraxinus americana), 46. 
globnli (Hicoria), 13. 
pilosula (Hicoria alba), 15. 
semen (Hicoria glabra), 15. 
caryaevenae (Hicoria alba), 14-15. 
vitifoliae (Vitis), 4, 43. 

PSYLLIDAB. 

Pachypsylla 

cucurbita (Celtis occidentalis), 33. 
mamma (Celtis occidentalis), 33. 
vesiculum (Celtis occidentalis), 33. 

GALL-PRODUCING COLEOPTERA. 

CERAMBYCIDAB. 
Mecas 
inornata (Populus grandidentata, P. tremuloides), 9, 66. 

GALL-PRODUCING DIPTERA. 

AGROMYZIDAE. 
Agromyza 
simplex (Populus tremuloides, 9. 



sparsa (Solidago), 50. 



Insect Galls. 

TRYPBTIDAE. 
Eutreta 

Eurosta 



comma (Solidago), 50-51. 

reticulata (Solidago juncea), 52, 124. 

solidaginis (Solidago), 51 u. 

Oedaspis 
polita (Solidago rugosa), 52. 

CECIDOMYIDAE. 
Cecidomyia 

(Under this genus are arranged many species which have been de- 
scribed as galls only, hence their assignment to the genus is provisional.) 

bedeguar (Crataegus), 39, 108. 

bifolia (Solidago), 49. 

caryaecola (Hicoria), 13, 70. 

castaneae (Castanea dentata), 17, 74. 

celastri (Celastrus scandens), 41-42. 

citrina (Tilia americana), 45. 

crotalariae (Crotalaria sagittalis), 40, 110. 

erubescens, see foliora. 

eupatoriflorae (Eupatorium ageratoides), 49, 122. 

euthamiae (Euthamia graminifolia), 53. 

foliora (Quercus palustris, Q. coccinea, Q. velutina), 21, 80. 

gemmaria (Aster ericoides,), 53, 126. 

impatientis (Impatiens biflora, 43, 112. 

inaequalis (Diervilla diervilla), 48. 

irregularis (Populus grandidentata), 9. 

lappa (Spiraea salicifolia) , 35. 

majalis (Quercus rubra, Q. palustris, Q. coccinea, Q. velutina), 17-18, 82. 

muscosa (Rubus nigrobaccus), 35, 102. 

niveipila (Quercus), 17. 

ocellaris (Acer rubrum), 42. 

parthenocissi (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), 44, 116. 

pellex (Fraxinus americana) 47. 

persicoides (Hicoria), 13. 

poculum (Quercus alba), 27. 

potentillaecaulis (Potentilla canadensis), 37. 

pudibunda (Carpinus caroliniana), 15. 

pustuloides (Quercus coccinea, Q. velutina), 22, 84. 

racemi (Prunus virginiana), 39-40, 110. 



134 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

ramuscula (Aster dumosus, A. patens), 54. 

reniforrnis (Fragaria virgin iana), 36, 104. 

salicifoliae (Spiraea salicifolia, S. tomentosa), 35, 102. 

sanguinolenta (Hicoria), 13. 

semenivora (Viola cucullata, V. sagittata), 45, 116. 

serotinae (Prunus serotina), 40. 

sqnamulicola (Corylus americana), 16, 72. 

strobiligemma (Aster ericoides), 53, 128. 

tuba (Cornus amomum), 46. 

umbellicola (Sambucus canadensis, S. pubens), 48, 120. 

vaccinii (Polycodium stamineum), 46, 116. 

venae (Crataegus), 39, 108. 

verruca (Salix), 10. 

verrucicola (Tilia americana), 45. 

Diplosis 
rigidae (Pinus rigida), 5, 7. 

Contarinia 

liriodendri (Liriodendron tulipifera), 33. 

virginiana (Prunus virginiana), 40, 110. 

Hormomyia 

caryae (Hicoria ovata), 14. 
holotricha (Hicoria), 13-14. 
tubicola (Hicoria), 14. 

Cincticornia 
pilulae (Quercus rubra), 18. 

Schizomyia 
coryloides (Vitis cordifolia), 44, 114. 
pomum (Vitis labrusca), 44, 114. 

Asphondylia 
conspicua (Rudbeckia laciniata), 54, 128. 
monacha (Solidago canadensis), 52-53. 124. 

Mayetiola 
rigidae (Salix), 10, 70. 

Rhopalomyia 
anthophila (Solidago), 50, 124. 
?hirtipes (Solidago juncea), 52, 122. 
racemicola (Solidago), 50, 126. 

Rhabdophaga 
batatas (Salix, 11, 68. 
brassicoides (Salix), 11, 68. 
gnaphalioides (Salix), 11, 66. 
strobiloides (Salix), 11, 68. 



Insect Galls. 135 

Dasyneura 

clematidis (Clematis virginiana), 34, 100. 
serrulatae (Alnus rugosa), 16, 72. 
solidaginis (Solidago), 50, 126. 

Neolasioptera 

perfoliata (Eupatorium perfoliatum) , 49, 120. 
sambuci (Sambucus canadensis), 48, 118. 

Baldratia 
carbonifera (Solidago), 50. 
flavolunata (Solidago canadensis), 53, 122. 

Lasioptera 
asterifoliae (Aster), 53. 
clavula (Cornus florida), 45-46. 

convolvuli (Convolvulus sepium, C. spithamaeus), 47, 116. 
corni (Cornus candidissima) , 46. 
farinosa (Rubus nigrobaccus), 35-36, 102. 
impatientifolia (Impatiens biflora), 43, 112. 
nodulosa (Rubus nigrobaccus), 36. 
tumifica (Solidago rugosa), 52, 126. 
vitis (Vitis), 44. 

GALL-PR OD UCING LEPID OPTERA . 

TINEIDAE. 
Ectoedemia 
populella (Populus tremuloides), 10. 

ELACHISTIDAE. 
Stagmatophora 
sexnotella (Trichostema dichotomum), 47, 118. 

GELECHIIDAE. 
Gnoriraoschema 
gallaesolidaginis (Solidago), 51. 

TORTRICIDAE. 
Ecdytolopha 
insiticiana (Robinia pseudacacia), 41, 110. 

Eucosma 
scudderiana (Solidago), 51-52. 



136 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

GA LL-PR OD UCING H YMENOPTERA . 

TBNTHRBDINIDAB. 

Cryptocampus 

cooperae (Salix), 11-12, 70. 
nodus (Salix), 12. 
ovum (Salix), 12, 70. 

Nematus 
pomum (Salix cordata), 12. 

INQUILINE CYNIPIDAE. 

(These species have been mistaken for gall-makers.) 
Synergus 
lana (see Andricus ilocci), 25. 
oneratus (see Holcaspis globulus), 29. 

Cynips 

pisum (see Acraspis pezomachoides), 28. 

GALL-MAKING CYNIPIDAE. 

Rhodites 

bicolor (Rosa), 37. 
dichlocerus (Rosa), 37. 
globulus (Rosa Carolina), 38. 
ignota (Rosa), 37, 106. 
lenticularis (Rosa), 37-38, 106. 
multispinosus (Rosa), 38, 106. 
radicum (Rosa), 38. 
rosae (Rosa rubiginosa), 39. 
sphaericus (Rosa Carolina), 38, 106. 
verna (Rosa), 38, 106. 

Gonaspis 
potentillae (Potentilla canadensis), 37. 

Diastrophus 

bassettii (Rubus procumbens, R. hispidus), 36, 104. 
cuscutaeformis (Rubus nigrobaccus), 36, 104. 
nebulosus (Rubus nigrobaecus), 36, 104. 

Amphibolips 

coelebs (Quercus rubra, Q. coccinea), 18, 78. 

confluentus (Quercus rubra, Q. coccinea, Q. velutina), 18-19. 

ilicifoliae (Quercus nana), 25, 88. 

inanis (Quercus rubra, Q. coccinea), 19. 

imbilipennis (Quercus rubra, Q. coccinea, Q. velutina), 19, 74, 



Insect Galls. 137 

prunus (Quercus rubra, Q. nana), 19, 86. 

tinctoriae (Quercus coccinea, Q. velutina), 22, 74, 80. 

Andricus 

excavatus (Quercus), 17. 

flocci (Quercus nana, Q. alba), 25, 90. 

gallaestriatae (Quercus coccinea), 23, 82. 

imbricariae (Quercus nana), 25. 

petiolicola (Quercus alba, Q. prinus, Q. prinoides), 27, 96. 

piperoides (Quercus rubra), 19-20. 

singularis (Quercus rubra), 20. 

ventricosus (Quercus nana), 25, 92. 

Callirhytis 

clavula (Quercus alba), 27. 

cornigera (Quercus palustris), 21. 

fruticola (Quercus coccinea), 23, 82. 

futilis (Quercus alba), 27-28. 

operator (Quercus nana), 4, 25-26, 92. 

palustris (Quercus palustris, Q. coccinea, Q. nana), 21-22, 84. 

papillata (Quercus prinus), 31. 

punctata (Quercus rubra, Q. coccinea, Q. velutina), 3, 20. 

pusulatoides (Quercus coccinea), 23. 

saccularius (Quercus coccinea, Q. velutina), 23. 

seminator (Quercus alba), 28. 

similis (Quercus nana), 26, 90. 

tuberosa (Quercus nana), 26. 

CYNIPS. 

(Most of the species arranged under this generic name have been 
described as galls only, hence their assignment to the genus is provisional.) 
aspera (Quercus nana), 26, 74, 88. 
caducus (Quercus prinoides), 31, 98. 
constricta (Quercus rubra), 20, 76. 
cristata (Quercus coccinea, Q. nana), 24, 86. 
decidua (Quercus rubra), 20, 96. 
frondosa (Quercus prinoides), 31, 98. 
obovata (Quercus coccinea), 24, 74, 84. 
prinoides (Quercus prinoides), 31-32, 98. 
sera (Quercus coccinea), 24. 
strobilana (Quercus alba, Q. platanoides), 28. 

Acraspis 

pezomachoides (Quercus alba), 28. 

Xanthoteras 

forticornis (Quercus alba), 28-29. 



138 Bulletin 2: Springfield Museum. 

Dryophanta 
lanata (Quercus rubra, Q. coccinea) . 21, 76. 

Holcaspis 

duricoria (Quercus platanoides), 30, 96. 

fasciata (Quercus rubra, Q. coccinea, Q. velutina, Q. nana), 21, 

globulus (Quercus alba), 29. 

rugosa (Quercus prinoides), 32, 96. 

Neuroterus 

batatus (Quercus alba), 4, 29. 
exiguissimus (Quercus alba), 29, 94. 
floccosus (Quercus platanoides), 30. 
noxiosus (Quercus platanoides), 30-31. 
vesiculus (Quercus alba), 30. 

Aulax 

tumidus (Lactuca canadensis), 49. 

Solenozopheria 

vaccinii (Vaccinium pennsylvanicum), 46. 



INDEX OF NAMES OF PLANTS. 



Acer, 42-43. 
Alder, 16-72. 
Alnus, 16, 72. 
Ambrosia, 49. 
Amelanchier, 39, 108. 
Ash, 46-47. 
Aspen, 9-10, 66. 
Aster, 53-54, 126-128. 
Basswood, 44-45. 
Beech, 16. 
Betula, 16, 72. 
Bindweed, 47, 116. 
Birch, 16, 72. 
Bittersweet, 41-42. 
Blackberry, 35-36, 102-104, 
Blueberry, 46. 
Blue-curls, 47, 118. 
Carpinus, 15. 
Carya, 12-15, 70. 
Castanea, 16-17, 74. 
Celastrus, 41-42. 
Celtis, 33. 
Cherry, 39-40, 110. 
Chestnut, 16-17, 74. 
Cinquefoil, 37. 
Clematis, 34, 100. 
Convolvulus, 47, 116. 
Cornus, 45-46. 
Corylus, 15-16, 72. 
Crataegus, 39, 108. 
Crotalaria, 40, 110. 
Currant, 34, 100. 
Deerberry, 46, 116. 
Diervilla, 48. 
Dogwood, 45-46. 



Elder, 48, 118-120. 
Elm, 32-33, 100. 
Eupatorium, 49, 120-122. 
Euthamia, 53. 
Fagus, 16. 
Fragaria, 36, 104. 
Fraxinus, 46-47. 
Golden glow, 54, 128. 
Goldenrod, 49-53, 122-126. 
Grape, 43-44, 114. 
Hackberry, 33. 
Hamamelis, 34-35. 
Hardhack, 35, 102. 
Hazel, 15-16, 72. 
Hickory, 12-15, 70. 
Hicoria, 12-15, 70. 
Hornbeam, 15. 
Impatiens, 43, 112. 
June-berry, 39, 108. 
Lactuca, 49. 
Lettuce, 49. 
Linden, 44-45. 
Liriodendron, 33. 
Locust, 41, 110. 
Maple, 42-43. 
Meadow-sweet, 35. 
Oak, 17-32, 74-98. 
Parthenocissus, 44, 116. 
Picea, 8, 66. 
Pine, 7. 
Pinus, 7. 

Poison ivy, 41, 114. 
Polycodium, 46. 
Poplar, 8-10, 66. 
Populus, 8-10, 66. 



Potentilla, 37. 
Prunus, 39-40, 110. 
Quercus, 17-32, 74-98. 
Ragweed, 49. 
Rattlebox, 40, 110. 
Rhus, 41, 114. 
Ribes, 34, 100. 
Robinia, 41, 110. 
Rosa, 37-39, 106. 
Rose, 37-39, 106. 
Rubus, 35-36, 102-104. 
Rudbeckia, 54, 128. 
Salix, 10-12, 66-70. 
Sambucus, 48, 118-120. 
Solidago, 49-53, 122-126. 
Spiraea, 35, 102. 
Spruce, 8, 66. 
Strawberry, 36, 104. 
Sumac, 41, 114. 
Thorn, 39, 108. 
Thoroughwort, 49, 120. 
Tilia, 44-45. 
Touch-me-not, 43, 112. 
Trichostema, 47, 118. 
Tulip-tree, 33. 
Ulmus, 32-33, 100, 
Vaccinium, 46, 116. 
Viburnum, 48. 
Viola, 45, 116. 
Violet, 45, 116. 
Vitis, 43-44, 114. 
White snake-root, 49, 122. 
Willow, 10-12, 66-70. 
Witch-hazel, 34-35. 
Woodbine, 44, 116. 



(139) 



PUBLICATIONS OF THE MUSEUM. 



Reports of the museum, from 1898 to 1909. The earlier reports are out 
of print. 

An outline, of eight excursions for the study of the physical geography and 
geology of Springfield and vicinity. By William Orr. Published for 
the Springfield Geological Club. 1901. 16 p., 2 pi. .10 

The upland area of crystalline rocks, the" broad valley floor of sandstone, the 
trap rock area, the glacial deposits, the epoch of glacial lakes, and the terrace 
• formation, as exemplified in local geography. Bibliographical references. 

Bird Migration. — Dates of arrival of birds within ten miles of Springfield, 
Mass., during spring of 1901-1907. 10 p. .05 

Attractively prepared to interest school children in observing birds. 

Bulletin No. 1. Early stages of Carabidae. By George Dimmock and 
Frederick Knab. 55 p., 4- pi. 1.00 

How to rear carabid larvae ; general characters of the larvae of tbese beetles : 
technical descriptions of larvae and pupae of four species, and notes on the 
early stages of other species. 

Bulletin No. 2. Insect galls of Springfield, Massachusetts, and vicinity. 
By Fannie A. Stebbins. 139 p., 32 pi. 1.50 

Description of galls found about Springfield, including new species, arranged 
in the order of the plants on which they occur. Many half-tone figures of sails. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



002 814 353 9 



A. H. BARTLETT, PRINTER, LUDLOW, MASS. 



